Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Contract Law - Essay Example The industrial revolution was characterized by the rise of many businesses and enterprises to offer employment opportunities and consequently boost peoples’ living standards. With such an active population, it was expected that some people could make use of others’ resources and time by carrying out fraud business practices. This led to the formation of laws that sought to govern both the workers and the employers and protect them from any uncouth business practices that either could carry on the other. The law not only served the employees and employers but also observed that the business practices carried out by different business entities were legal . There are other scholars that claim that contract law came to rise as a sub-branch of civil law. History of contract law with relation to civil law is rather precise. This is from the fact that contract law is widespread from the fact that different contracts have different rules depending with the type of business acti vities to be carried out by the parties. This thus does not require a particular set law to govern it and makes it rather flexible and diverse. This is related to civil law in that civil law has core principles summed up and put into a referable structure and rules are made depending on the most appropriate system. This inspired present day contract law and thus the various developments witnessed .The Lex mercatoria is also said to have been a powerful force in the formation of contract law. The Lex mercatoria acted as a system through which merchants.... This is from the fact that contract law is widespread from the fact that different contracts have different rules depending with the type of business activities to be carried out by the parties. This thus does not require a particular set law to govern it and makes it rather flexible and diverse. This is related to civil law in that civil law has core principles summed up and put into a referable structure and rules are made depending on the most appropriate system. This inspired present day contract law and thus the various developments witnessed3. The Lex mercatoria is also said to have been a powerful force in the formation of contract law. The Lex mercatoria acted as a system through which merchants and other business people used in Europe in the medieval era to ensure that there was the upholding of healthy business practices4. As it evolved, it gained principles that leaned more towards the common law setting. This is when a set of business people and law makers convened and so ught to create a system that would support merchants of all types regardless of the types of business they carried out unlike the common law that had a particular set system. This led to the formation and rise of contract law. Shifting focus to Classical Law, it is important to understand that it is one of the oldest forms of law in existence. Classical law has its roots in Rome and thus has the synonym Roman law. The form of law receives credit as one of the oldest law systems from the fact that it comprises laws that were written in Stone tablets. Roman law has ensured that these laws are observed by the subjects it governs and amendments are rarely done on it. Classical law can relate to contract law in that the

A Ghost Story by Mark Twain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Ghost Story by Mark Twain - Essay Example The paper is aimed to discuss and to analyze A Ghost Story which is written by Mark Twain. It is a story of the interaction between the narrator and the ghost of the Cardiff Giant. The narrator is a person who rented a huge old building in Broadway which had not been occupied for a long time.While in bed, the blankets were pulled and other actions were made by the ‘ghost.’ Different paranormal images had been perceived by narrator and in the end the ghost finally shown himself. He is the ghost of the gentle Cardiff Giant. When the narrator recognized him, the atmosphere of the story completely changed and they talked about the reason for the haunting. There are two characters in the story, the narrator and the ghost. The main focus of the story is the ghost of Cardiff Giant. In the course of the story, the characteristics of the ghost changed, thus, he can be classified as a dynamic character. In the beginning of the story, the main objective of the Giant was to haunt an d get attention and justice because of the use of his remain in unjust manner. Prior to the end of the story, the conversation between the narrator and the ghost of Cardiff Giant changed his views regarding his situation. Through the information given by the narrator that the Giant’s remains were just duplicated and the real ones were in Albany, he was freed and he found no reason to continue his haunting in the said place anymore. The story has both the internal and external conflicts. The external conflict was observed in the first part of the story when the haunting of the ghost along with his friends caused fear to the narrator and to other people before him. The said conflict had been exhibited through the antagonistic treatment of the ghost to the residence of the building. The internal conflict was perceived in the latter part of the story, through the conversation between the Giant and the narrator. The internal conflict defined the main purpose of the ghost of the Ca rdiff Giant which was the feeling of tiredness of the ghost versus the need to seek help and justice for his remains. He wanted to rest for a very long time already but the need to bury his remains to a rightful place kept him haunting for a long time. The setting of the story is figuratively and literally descriptive of the characters of the story. The readers can accept the setting as strong part in the story since the basic information had been presented such as the names and the landmarks. Readers know that the story occurred in New York, near a museum and near a street with old buildings. May that be fictitious or real, it had contributed to the whole atmosphere of the story. The distinct imagery brought about by the setting inside the house. The point of view of the story was achieved through the perspective of the narration. This gave credibility to the story by being in the first person thus being a primary experience. Another effect of the point of view was the primal effec t of the story in terms of the feelings being conveyed, for example fear. The story is rich in metaphors and other figurative forms of language. One example is the description of the building which had â€Å"surrendered to dust and cobwebs, to solitude and sadness.† Other figures of speech are â€Å"locking out mould and darkness† and â€Å"cheery fire† which can be found in the first two paragraphs. Thus it meant that the whole story was enriched by these literary treasures. The author used these figures of speech in a casual and relaxed manner which can easily be related to and understood. The main idea of the story is that not everything is what it seems. The story teaches lesson of

Chromatographic Separation of Hemoglobin from Phenol Red

Chromatographic Separation of Hemoglobin from Phenol Red Syed Ibrahim Chromatographic Separation of Hemoglobin from Phenol Red by Gel Filtration Introduction From catalysis to transport, proteins take part in countless cellular processes (Nelson Cox, 2008). However, due to their small size, proteins can be challenging to work with in the lab. To overcome this hurdle, scientists have developed many fractionation techniques including centrifugation, precipitation, dialysis, and chromatography (Alberts et al., 2008). Chromatography is one of the most versatile laboratory techniques as it is used in many fields of study (Partridge, 1952; Silva et al., 2014). There are several types of chromatography, and each separates molecules based on different properties. Size-exclusion gel filtration is a type of column chromatography which resolves molecules based on their size (Duong Gabelli, 2013). In the column, there is a cross-linked polymer matrix with pores of a predetermined size (Scott, 2003). Small molecules are more likely to spend time in the pore, so they migrate slower and thus elute in later fractions (Nelson Cox, 2008). Conversely, larger molecules are less likely to enter the pore, so they migrate faster and thus elute in earlier fractions (de Jong et al., 2015). There are numerous types of column matrices, such as Sephadex G (composed of dextran and epichlorohydrin) and Sepharose (consisting of agarose) (GE, 2015). Each matrix has different sized pores and thus different ranges of molecular sizes that it can separate, called fractionation ranges (de Jong et al., 2015). In this lab, Sephadex G-25, which has a fractionation range of 1,000-5,000Da, was the column matrix (de Jong et al., 2015). Hemoglobin and phenol red were also used. Hemoglobin is a protein found primarily found in mammalian red blood cells, and is used to transport oxygen from an organism’s lungs to its tissues (Seeley, 2014). Phenol red is a chemical compound that changes color depending on the pH of the chemical environment, and so it is typically used as a pH indicator (Klein, 2012). Hemoglobin has a molecular weight of 64,500Da while phenol red has a molecular weight of 354.38Da (de Jong et al., 2015). It was expected that hemoglobin would be completely excluded from the pores of the Sephadex G-25 resin, allowing it to elute in early fractions. As well, it was expected that phenol red would be completely included in the gel, making it elute in later fractions. Purpose The goal of this lab was to separate a mixture containing hemoglobin and phenol red using size-exclusion gel filtration. As well, the aim was to compare the standard and literature wavelengths of maximum absorption of hemoglobin and phenol red. Results The results from this experiment are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Table 1. Fraction volumes from size-exclusion gel filtration using Sephadex G25. The size-exclusion gel filtration separated a mixture of hemoglobin and phenol red. In theory, fraction A contained void volume, fraction B contained hemoglobin, fraction C contained the buffer only, and fraction D contained phenol red. Table 2. Peak absorbance and wavelength of standard hemoglobin and phenol red. Using a Beckman spectrophotometer, the wavelength profile between 380nm and 600nm of two standard samples was determined. The standard hemoglobin sample contained 250ÃŽ ¼L of 0.8% hemoglobin, while the standard phenol red sample consisted of 20ÃŽ ¼L of 0.2% phenol red. Based on the graph, the maximum absorbance values and the corresponding wavelengths were determined. Questions and Research Question 1: Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: hemoglobin spectroscopy Reference: DiFeo, T. J., Addison, A. W., Stephanos, J. J. (1990). Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of haemoglobin and myoglobin from Urechis caupo. Distal residue effects. Biochem. J, 269, 739-747. Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: hemoglobin Soret band absorptivity (sorted by relevance) Reference: Akuwudike, A. R., Chikezie, P. C., Chilaka, F. C. (2010). Absorption spectra of normal adult and sickle cell haemoglobins treated with hydrogen peroxide at two pH values. Adv. Biomed. Res, 1, 55-60. Search Engine: Google Search Terms: phenol red maximum wavelength absorption Reference: LobaChemie. (2015). Phenol Red. Laboratory Reagents and Fine Chemicals. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.lobachemie.com/pH-Indicator-05180/PHENOL-RED-CASNO-143-74-8.aspx Based on the graph from Blackboard, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) are shown in Table 2. For the standard hemoglobin sample ÃŽ »max = 410nm, and for the standard phenol red sample ÃŽ »max = 560nm. Based on the literature, hemoglobin and related proteins are known to give three bands of maximum absorption: ÃŽ ±-band, ÃŽ ²-band, and Soret band (DiFeo et al., 1990). For normal adult hemoglobin (HgA), the wavelength of maximum absorbance in the Soret band is ÃŽ »max = 415nm (Akuwudike et al., 2010). The wavelengths of maximum absorbance of phenol red changes based on pH. At a pH of 8.2, phenol red has ÃŽ »max = 557-560nm while at a pH of 6, phenol red has ÃŽ »max = 430-435 (LobaChemie, 2015). This change in maximum absorbance with respect to pH is understandable because phenol red is a common pH indicator, meaning it changes color based on pH (Nelson Cox, 2008). The literature and experimental wavelengths of maximum absorbance are summarized in Table 3. The experimental and literature values were fairly close, and their variance may be accounted for due to difference in the buffer and pH of the solvent. Table 3. Literature and experimental wavelengths of maximum absorbance. The experimental wavelengths of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) were obtained from Table 2. The literature ÃŽ »max of hemoglobin (HgA) was based on Akuwudike et al (2010). The literature ÃŽ »max of phenol red at pH = 8.2 was based on LobaChemie (2015). Question 2: Based on the data collected in this experiment, it is impossible to determine whether the eluted hemoglobin is free of phenol red. To determine its purity, spectroscopy of the eluted hemoglobin (fraction B) would need to be conducted in order to draw a wavelength-vs-absorbance graph between 380nm and 600nm (similar to the one posted on Blackboard). If the eluted hemoglobin curve has only one peak (ÃŽ »max = 410-415nm), it contains only hemoglobin. However, it the curve has two peaks (ÃŽ »max = 410-415nm and ÃŽ »max = 557-5605nm), then the eluted fraction contains both hemoglobin and phenol red. Question 3: Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: size-exclusion gel filtration (sorted by relevance) Reference: Wang, Q., et al. (2005). Molecular characterisation of soybean polysaccharides: an approach by size exclusion chromatography, dynamic and static light scattering methods. Carbohydrate research, 340(17), 2637-2644. In this experiment, size-exclusion gel filtration was carried out, so hemoglobin and phenol red were separated based on size or more quantitatively based on molecular weight (Nelson Cox, 2008; Wang et al., 2005). Smaller molecules, such as phenol red, spend more time in the pores and are eluted in later fractions (Nelson Cox, 2008). Conversely, larger molecules molecules, such as hemoglobin, spend almost no time in the pores and are eluted in earlier fractions (Nelson Cox, 2008). Question 4: Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: chromatography theory (sorted by relevance) Reference: Lee, W. C., Tsai, G. J., Tsao, G. T. (1993). Analysis of chromatography by plate theory. Separations Technology, 3(4), 178-197. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: chromatography theory column length (sorted by relevance) Reference: Bedani, F., et al. (2006). A theoretical basis for parameter selection and instrument design in comprehensive size-exclusion chromatographyÃâ€" liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1133(1), 126-134. Based on the plate theory of chromatography, the resolution (R) is influenced by numerous factors including the plate number (N) (Lee et al., 1993). The plate number is affected by many elements of the column including column length and inner column radius (Bedani et al., 2006). Based on mathematical relationships, it has been determined that longer columns lead to increased resolution (Lee et al., 1993; Nelson Cox, 2008). Thus longer chromatography columns will separate molecules better than shorter columns. Question 5: In order to separate ÃŽ ²1,3-galactosidase (75,000Da) and ÃŽ ²1,2-xylosidase (MW 100,000Da) the Sephadex G-100 resin would be ideal. This is because the molecular weight of both enzymes is within the fractionation range of this resin (4,000-150,000Da) (de Jong et al., 2015). The heavier protein (ÃŽ ²1,2-xylosidase) will elute before the lighter protein (ÃŽ ²1,3-galactosidase). Question 6: The fractionation range of Sephadex G-100 is 4,000-150,000Da (de Jong et al., 2015). Alcohol dehydrogenase (MW 140,000Da) falls within this range, while aldehyde dehydrogenase (MW 200,000Da) is above the range. Since both enzymes are not on the same extreme of the fractionation range, aldehyde dehydrogenase will elute very quickly and alcohol dehydrogenase will elute shortly after. Thus, Sephadex G-100 can be used to resolve alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. However, it would be ideal to use Sephadex G-200 because the molecular weight of both enzymes would be within the fractionation range of 5,000-600,000Da (de Jong et al., 2015). Question 7: Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: â€Å"fast protein liquid chromatography† (sorted by relevance) Reference: Sheehan, D., O’Sullivan, S. (2004). Fast protein liquid chromatography. In Protein purification protocols (pp. 253-258). Humana Press. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: â€Å"fast protein liquid chromatography† (sorted by relevance) Reference: Goke, B., Keim, V. (1992). HPLC and FPLC. Recent progress in the use of automated chromatography systems for resolution of pancreatic secretory proteins. International Journal of Pancreatology, 11(2), 109-116. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: â€Å"fast protein liquid chromatography† (sorted by relevance) Reference: Lavanya, G., et al. (2011). Protein Chromatography. J Biomed Sci and Res, 3(3), 424-438. Search Engine: Google Search Terms: fast protein liquid chromatography Reference: Bio-Rad. (2015). Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. Bio-Rad Life Science Research.Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://www.bio-rad.com/en-ca/applications-technologies/fast-protein-liquid-chromatography Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: fast protein liquid chromatography use Reference: Verbeke, K., Verbruggen, A. (1996). Usefulness of fast protein liquid chromatography as an alternative to high performance liquid chromatography of 99m Tc-labelled human serum albumin preparations. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 14(8), 1209-1213. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is an automated chromatography technique that uses columns with a small inner diameter (Goke Keim, 1992; Sheehan O’Sullivan, 2004). By means of pumps and valves, the FPLC system regulates how fast the liquid mobile phase moves down the agarose stationary phase a constant, and maintains a constant flow rate (Lavanya et al., 2011). As well, based on the readings of the UV detector and conductivity meter, the FPLC system is able to control how and when the eluted fractions should be separated (Bio-Rad, 2015). There are variations of FPLC that allow proteins to separated base on size, charge or hydrophobicity (Verbeke Verbruggen, 1996). FPLC, as its name suggests is quite useful in analyzing and purifying protein mixtures (Lavanya et al., 2011). For example, FPLC has been used to identify zinc-containing proteins in rat saliva; and it has also been used to separate and analyze pancreatic juice in order to examine disease-causing proteins (Lavanya et al., 2011). Conclusion In this lab, a mixture of hemoglobin and phenol red was resolved using sizeexclusion gel filtration. Since Sephadex G-25 (fractionation range 1,000-4,000Da) was used as the column matrix, it was expected that hemoglobin would be completely excluded from the matrix pores, allowing it to elute in early fractions. As well, it was anticipated that phenol red would be completely included in the gel, making it elute in later fractions. The hemoglobin/phenol red mixture was separated into four fractions and their respected volumes are shown in Table 1. In theory, fraction A contained void volume, fraction B contained hemoglobin, fraction C contained the buffer only, and fraction D contained phenol red. Due to time and budget constraints, the absorbance of the eluted fractions was not analyzed. However based on an absorbance-vs-wavelength graph, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) for standard hemoglobin (ÃŽ »max = 410nm) and standard phenol red (ÃŽ »max = 560nm) were determined, as described in Table 2. These values were also compared to literature values, as shown in Table 3. Normal adult hemoglobin (HgA) is known to have maximum absorbance at ÃŽ »max = 415nm, while phenol red is known to have ÃŽ »max = 557-560nm. The experimental and literature values were fairly close to one another, and their slight variance may be accounted for due to difference in the buffer used and pH of the solvent. For further research, spectroscopy of the eluted hemoglobin (fraction B) would need to be conducted in order to draw a wavelength-vs-absorbance graph between 380nm and 600nm. This would help to clarify whether the eluted hemoglobin is free of phenol red. References Akuwudike, A. R., Chikezie, P. C., Chilaka, F. C. (2010). Absorption spectra of normal adult and sickle cell haemoglobins treated with hydrogen peroxide at two pH values. Adv. Biomed. Res, 1, 55-60. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P. (2008).Molecular Biology of the Cell(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. Bedani, F., et al. (2006). A theoretical basis for parameter selection and instrument design in comprehensive size-exclusion chromatographyÃâ€" liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1133(1), 126-134. Bio-Rad. (2015). Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. Bio-Rad Life Science Research. Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://www.bio-rad.com/en-ca/applications-technologies/fast-protein-liquid-chromatography de Jong, M., Botelho, R., Antonescu, C., Wakarchuk, W. (2015).Laboratory Manual: Biochemistry- BCH261(Winter 2015 ed.). Toronto: Ryerson University. DiFeo, T. J., Addison, A. W., Stephanos, J. J. (1990). Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of haemoglobin and myoglobin from Urechis caupo. Distal residue effects. Biochem. J, 269, 739-747. Duong-Ly, K. C., Gabelli, S. B. (2013). Gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) of proteins. Methods in enzymology, 541, 105-114. GE. (2015). Product Catalog. GE Healthcare Life Sciences. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.gelifesciences.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/catalog/en/ GELifeSciences/products/products_by_technology/ Goke, B., Keim, V. (1992). HPLC and FPLC. Recent progress in the use of automated chromatography systems for resolution of pancreatic secretory proteins. International Journal of Pancreatology, 11(2), 109-116. Klein, D. R. (2012). Organic chemistry (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Lavanya, G., et al. (2011). Protein Chromatography. J Biomed Sci and Res, 3(3), 424-438. Lee, W. C., Tsai, G. J., Tsao, G. T. (1993). Analysis of chromatography by plate theory. Separations Technology, 3(4), 178-197. LobaChemie. (2015). Phenol Red. Laboratory Reagents and Fine Chemicals. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.lobachemie.com/pH-Indicator-05180/PHENOL-RED-CASNO-143-74-8.aspx Nelson, D., Cox, M. (2008). Lehningers Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York, N.Y.: WH Freeman and Company. Partridge, M. W. (1952). Chromatography and its applications in pharmacy. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(1), 217-230. Scott, R. P. (2003). Principles and practice of chromatography. Chrom-Ed Book Series, 1. Seeley, R. (2014). Seeleys Anatomy Physiology (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sheehan, D., O’Sullivan, S. (2004). Fast protein liquid chromatography. In Protein purification protocols (pp. 253-258). Humana Press. Silva, J., Teodoro, J., Afonso, R., Aquino, S., Augusti, R. (2014). Photolysis and photocatalysis of ibuprofen in aqueous medium: characterization of byà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ products via liquid chromatography coupled to highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ resolution mass spectrometry and assessment of their toxicities against Artemia Salina. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 49(2), 145-153. Verbeke, K., Verbruggen, A. (1996). Usefulness of fast protein liquid chromatography as an alternative to high performance liquid chromatography of 99m Tc-labelled human serum albumin preparations. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 14(8), 1209-1213. Wang, Q., et al. (2005). Molecular characterisation of soybean polysaccharides: an approach by size exclusion chromatography, dynamic and static light scattering methods. Carbohydrate research, 340(17), 2637-2644.

Essay --

The objective of this article is to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of Speedster Athletics Company’s financial position. Company has a good profitability and a attractive asset base. However following strengths can be highlighted in the financial position of Speedster Athletics Company; †¢ Favourable Gross profits – Speedster Athletics Company has been able to generate favourable gross margins over the last three years consistently over the industry average of 26%. Gross margin is in a declining trend over 2010 to 2011 where 2011 gross margin is 27% (1371/5075*100%) which is 1% lower than 2011, however this is above the industry average level, proving that Speedster company is capable of generating better margins. †¢ Increase in Fixed assets base in 2011 over 2010 – From 2010 to 2011 there has been a 23.8% increase in gross fixed assets value. The raised funds through long term debts would have been used to enhance assets base of Speedster. This is a very positive sigh of future profitability and capacity of the company. Higher assets should be able to generate more cash inflow...

Liquidity Crisis Essay

At present our commercial banks are passing a difficult situation. Most of the banks are in liquidity crisis. And this type of shortage of money makes difficult to engage in various transactions. Now the main causes behind this are given below:- Currency value: – In the recent year, our country has experienced a decline in the value of Tk against currency which has created has huge liquidity crisis in the banking sector. For this reason our country has failed to collect maximum amount of US dollar required to open letter of credit (LC) for local businessmen to import essential commodities for the country. As a result the importer is facing a severe crisis in their business. Mandatory reserve: – Banks need to reserve huge amount of money to maintain CRR and SLR. As it is mandatory duty of them. BB has recently increased the rate of CRR and SLR as result the problem of liquidity crisis has been aggravated recently. Government credit: – To decrease the deficit budget unit govt. are taking loan from commercial banks. And this thing create extra burden to our banking sector and it cause more liquidity crisis in that sector. Inflation: – The liquidity crisis of the banking sector has been accelerated by the increased amount of inflation, thus increasing the price of overall commodities for general people. To keep pace with this inflationary effect, the people withdraw savings from the banks and use this fund for their transaction expenditure. As a result bank faces liquidity crisis. Non-recovery loan: – the overall percentage of recovery loan is very alarming. And this is another important reason to increase the liquidity sector of commercial banks. Proposed budget: – the proposed budget create a liquidity in the banking sector due to its over-reliance on domestic borrowing for implementing the annual development program.

Reflection on Lifespan Development Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of my knowledge and understanding of lifespan development at the outset of course PSY 7210 Lifespan Development and at the courses’ end. In this paper I will explore lifespan development by identifying and discussing the stages of development, theoretical perspectives and research related to lifespan development. I will conclude with discussing how my knowledge and understanding of lifespan development can be applied within my specialization of Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychology. Reflection on Lifespan Development As middle age lurked its unwanted presence I began to recognize how true and applicable the saying â€Å"life is too short† applied to almost everything the average middle-aged person set to accomplish. At age 42, I have no regrets in life. My parents set the stage for my desire for achievement and accomplishment, and I set out to do the same for my children. A person’s lifespan is their legacy; and I strongly believe that nothing happens by chance, all things happen as a consequence of some action. For example, my enrollment in this course was the consequence of years of work in a field that I no longer hold a passion. I started career as a high school girl’s basketball coach and somehow 22 years later managed to service 14 years in United States Air Force; two years as a State Correctional Officer; and seven years as a State Auditor. My academic career has seen me bounce from nursing to education and finally settling with business. My most important career as a mother is about to take new direction, as my youngest children begin their collegiate journey. So the question I asked myself was â€Å"What do I do now†? I recently obtained my Masters degree in Management and Leadership and was not sure I wanted to return to school so soon; however the profession that I’ve longed to do for so many years required additional  academic credentials. My love of teaching is why I decided to embark on my new academic journey. I have sailed through my lifespan with no regrets and surely do not want to tack any on so late in life. This course is my first course in psychology. The course material has been somewhat challenging because my background is not in psychology. My lack of foundational knowledge in psychology has required me to do a bit more than skim through scholarly literature. I feel I have a better understanding of lifespan development now than I did at the outset of this course, yet I know my journey into the world of psychology has only just begun. Lifespan Development Lifespan development is deals with understanding the growth, changes, and stability of behavior that occur throughout the lifespan. The field of lifespan development studies the patterns in physical development, cognitive development, and personality and social development that occur during the lifespan (Berk, 2007). The study of physical development examines the way in which the body’s makeup determines behavior. The study of cognitive development seeks to understand how growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior. Personality development is the study of stability and change in the characteristics that differentiate one person from another. The study of social development examines the way in which individuals’ interactions and relationships with others grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. Those who study lifespan development approach the field from different perspectives. These perspectives are based on various developmental theories. Six major theoretical perspectives are used in lifespan development: psychodynamic perspective, behavioral perspective, cognitive perspective, humanistic perspective, contextual perspective, and evolutionary perspective. Although each has added significant value to the study of lifespan development, this paper will focus primarily on the psychodynamic, behavior, and cognitive perspectives. Psychodynamic Perspective The psychodynamic perspective focuses on the inner person (Berk, 2007).  Supporters of the psychodynamic perspective believe that inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little control motivate behavior throughout the lifespan (Berk, 2007). The name that comes to mind when discussing the psychodynamic perspective is Viennese physician and theorist, Sigmund Freud. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. Freud believed there are three aspects to the human personality: the id, ego and superego. The id is the part of personality that exists at birth. The id operates on what Freud calls the pleasure principle (Berk, 2007, p. 15), which drives the innate need to maximize good feelings and minimize bad feelings. The rational and reasoning aspect of personality is called the ego. The reality principle (Berk, 2007, p. 15) regulates the ego. Freud classified a person’s conscience as the superego. The superego guides a person through the journey between right and wrong. In addition to his theory on the different parts of human personality Freud also formulated theory to explain the manner in which personality develops during the lifespan. According to Freud (Berk, 2007) â€Å"psychosexual development occurs as children pass through a series of stages in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part.† The stages of Freud’s psychosexual development include the oral stage, the anal stage, and the phallic stage. The oral stage takes place during the first year of life. Freud believed during this stage all needs are satisfied orally or through the mouth; for example, eating and drinking. The anal stage takes place during the second year of life. During this stage the battle between control and letting go begins. The phallic stage takes place during the third and fifth years of life. During this stage a child develops a fixation with the genitals. Freud’s psychosexual stages focus on developmental changes in the first 5 years of life and transformation of the id. Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is also part of the psychodynamic perspective. According to Erikson (Berk, 2007) society and culture have an influence on human development. In contrast to Freud whose theory that proposed development was complete by adolescence (Berk, 2007), Erikson’s theory argues that development is continuous throughout the lifespan and occurs in eight stages. The first stage of development, trust  versus mistrust, occurs during infancy (birth to 1-year-old). During this stage if an infant’s basic needs are met by a responsive and attentive caregiver, the infant will begin to trust the caregiver, thus establishing the foundation for future trust relationships. In contrast if an infant does not receive enough or irregular care, or if caregivers are unresponsive, the infant can develop mistrust. The autonomy versus shame and doubt is the next stage, which occurs between the first and third years of life. According to Erikson successful development through one stage is essential for an individual to pass on to the next stage of development. For example, if an infant does not establish trust for it’s caregiver during the trust versus mistrust stage, then it will be difficult to establish a sense of autonomy (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the next stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory. During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage a child begins to develop its independence. Physical and cognitive growth and control during this stage afford a child the desire and ability to explore outside the comfort and security of his or her parental safe haven. Parents who are overprotective and do not allow their children to explore their independence risk their child developing issues with their self-esteem and confidence. If not allowed to explore independent of the parental structure a child could begin to doubt her ability and feel shameful for not being able to accomplish expected tasks. The initiative versus guilt stage occurs during early childhood. During this stage a child begins to develop social skills and learns to manage her behavior. The concept of what is right or wrong is factored into a child’s decision to exhibit certain behavior in social settings. Interaction with peers and individuals outside the family structure has a major influence on development during this stage. Guilt from further exploration of independence may occur if caregivers criticize the child’s methods of exploration. The industry versus inferiority stage is the development period that occurs during adolescence. During this stage of development adolescent self-awareness and intellectual skills are heightened (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). The identity versus role confusion is the stage of development in which adolescents explore self or role identity. The adolescent begins to define who she is and what she wants to do in life. In contrast to self-awareness adolescents may experience role  confusion during this stage. Some adolescents will have trouble establishing the level of self-understanding necessary for positive life direction. The intimacy versus isolation stage of development is the period of development where intimate relationships are formed; young adults develop meaningful friendship, fall in love, and establish relationship skills that will impact their ability to form future relationships. Adolescents who fail to establish a sense of trust for their environment may have trouble in establishing intimate relationships. The generativity versus stagnation stage of development occurs during middle adulthood. During this stage of development an adult begins to evaluate how her past and present behavior impact the lives of others, rather than focusing only on her personal wants and needs (life). The final stage of Erikson’s eight stages of development is the ego integrity versus despair stage, which occurs during late adulthood. This stage is the time for reflection. An adult evaluates life choices and assess whether goals and dreams were fulfilled or whether life choice have left her with regrets. Psychodynamic theory centers on development relative to the unconscious mind. Freud argues that development is complete by adolescence and that unconscious behavior affects development; where as Erikson suggests development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan and occurs in eight stages. Each theorist has contributed important information to the understanding of lifespan development. According to Berk (2010), psychoanalytical theory provides a strong basis for understanding past behavior but does not do a very good job with predicting future behavior. Behavioral Perspective Behavioral theorists argue that individuals do not pass through stages of development but rather development is based on observable behaviors influenced by stimuli in the individuals’ environment (Feldman, 2006). Furthermore behavioral theorist suggests that nurture rather than nature is more significant to human development. The behavioral perspective views development from a more personal perspective. Unlike psychoanalytical theorists that believe each person will pass through the same stage of development at approximately the same stage in life; behavioral theorists  believe that development is different for each person, given that each person will respond to her environment in a different way. Behaviorism rejects the psychoanalytical theory of studying the unconscious mind to understand human development (Feldman, 2006). Behaviorism focuses on things that can be seen – social and cultural cues, human action and reaction and other observable aspects of the external environment. Unlike psychoanalytical theorist who believed that development is discontinuous – occurring in distinct stages; behavioral theorists believe that development is a continuous process – gradual levels of achievement building on previous level (Feldman, 2006). Research conducted by Psychologist Ivan Pavlov, John Watson and B. F. Skinner set the foundation for Behaviorism. Through Pavlov’s research with dogs the principle of classical conditioning was discovered. Pavlov found that he could acquire the same behavior from the dog (salivation) produced by a specific stimulus (food) by associating the original stimulus with another stimulus (a bell) (Santrock, MacKenzie-Rivers, Malcomson & Ho Leung, 2011). Watson conducted similar research involving the principle of classical conditioning except he used human beings as his test subjects. Watson conducted an experiment where he gave an infant a rat to assess he fear of the creature. Once it was determined that the infant was not afraid a loud noise was sounded each time the infant was allowed to play with the rat. The noise did frighten the infant. After this coupling of the rat and loud noise was accomplished a few times the infant began to develop a fear of not only the loud noise but also the rat. Watson concluded that the infant’s fear of the rat was the result of classical conditioning (Santrock et al., 2011). Skinner took a different approach to his research and set out to understand the principle of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning suggest that certain behaviors are associated with certain consequences, for example, if a parent wants a child to behave the parent could give the child some type of reward that would induce good behavior. Most are familiar with the later principle of operant conditioning; many aspects of human behavior are controlled by some type of reward and punishment system (Santrock et al, 2011). Cognitive Perspective The cognitive perspective focuses on the development of human understanding.  Cognitive theory is constructed around the conscious mind rather than the unconscious mind (psychoanalytical theory). Theories that have added value to cognitive perspective are Piaget’s cognitive development theory, Vygotsky’s socio-cultural cognitive theory, and the information-processing approach. This paper will only touch on Piaget’s cognitive development theory. Piaget’s theory states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development (Santrock et al., 2011, p. 40). The four stages are the sensorimotor stage—use of the senses and movements in infancy to explore the world; preoperational stage – use of words and images, symbolic but illogical thinking of preschool aged children; concrete operational stage—organized logic and reasoning of school-aged children; and formal operational stage—complex, abstract reasoning system of the adolescent and adult (Berk, 2007, p. 19). The four stages involve a pattern or organization and adaptation. Individuals’ organize past experiences in a manner that helps them understand the world, while adapting to new experiences. Piaget suggests that this process of organization and adaptation is continuous throughout the lifespan because the way human beings think is in constant evolution. As we age our experiences grow, as does our brain. For example, a child perception of where babies come from will no doubt change over the course of his or her lifetime, yet if you ask a child where babies come from the child will try to associate what he or she understands about babies to answer your questions. The common response usually has to do with two people loving each other; yet many find as they get older love has very little to do with where babies come from. The cognitive perspective contributed to lifespan development the concept that learning begins well before human beings can formulate words. Where an infant will use its body and immature sound to communicate its needs an adult will use reasoning and logic to get its way. Stages of Lifespan Development Development throughout the lifespan is divided into periods: the prenatal period (conception to birth); infancy period (birth to three years old); early childhood (three to six years old); middle childhood (six to 12 years  old): adolescence (12 to 20 years old); early adulthood (20 to 40 years old); middle adulthood (40 to 60 years old); and late adulthood (60 years old to death). Each period is characterized with specific physical and cognitive growth and developmental changes. This part of the paper will define each period of development and examine theory and research relative to the period. Prenatal Development The importance of preconception health has been far overlooked. As the mother of three, when my spouse and I began to discuss the possibility of having a baby one of my first thoughts was whether I was healthy enough to conceive. I believe once an individual or couple make the decision to conceive the importance of his or her (their) preconception health is removed from the equation, even though preconception health has a major impact on prenatal development. There is not much research on the importance of preconception health and care; however, over recent years with an increase in adolescent pregnancy and pre-term births that has changed drastically (Dean, Bhutta, Mason, Howson, Chandra-Mouli, Lassi & Iman, 2012). Proper health care prior to conception will improve the chances for successful prenatal development. The prenatal period encompasses the most rapid phase of development of our lives, beginning as a single cell and ending as a newborn baby emerging into the world (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p.41). The prenatal period sets the foundation for future development. The prenatal period begins with conceptions and ends with birth. The prenatal period is divided into three stages: the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage (as cited in Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 42). In the germinal period the sperm fertilizes the egg. The union of the sperm and egg takes place in the fallopian tubes. During ovulation an egg is released from the ovary and enters the fallopian tubes. Sperm journey up the fallopian tube to meet the egg. This meeting results in the formation of a single-celled organism called a zygote. The zygote journeys down the fallopian tube to the uterus where it implants. The germinal period last approximately 2 weeks. The embryonic stage begins during the middle of the second week and concludes at the end of the eighth week, at which time the physical appearance of the  embryo is clearly human (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 43). The embryonic stage is considered the most critical stage of prenatal development. It is during this time that all the major organs of the body begin to form. At the conclusion of this stage the embryo is transformed into the fetus. The fetal stage follows from the end of the embryonic stage, beginning at nine weeks and ending with the onset of labor and birth of the baby (Slater & Lewis, 2006, p. 44). During this stage the fetus head, eyes, genitals, fingers and toes all under go massive growth. .r The image of a human being is undeniably visible. The prenatal period is the most vulnerable period of human development. Not only is the physical health of the parents important to fetal development but the prenatal environment (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) also has an impact on prenatal development. The prenatal environment is a blend of both internal and external parts; the internal being the mother’s womb and the external all elements outside the womb – physical environment and social and cultural factors (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). Research has long debated the influence nature versus nurture has on prenatal development. The question remains how much of development is influenced by genetics (nature) and how much is influenced by environment (nurture) (Slater & Lewis, 2006). It would make sense to view the prenatal period as being heavily influenced by genetics; however environmental factors actually influence development just as much as genetics. There is a clear balance between genetic and environmental influences during prenatal development. Genetics direct physical growth and development, where as environmental factors influence physical growth and development. These environmental factors called teratogens can cause serious damage during prenatal development. Environmental substances and agents (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) such as alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs cause serious harm to an unborn fetus. Women who consume alcohol during pregnancy are at risk of having an infant who suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome. Mothers who use tobacco products during pregnancy risk having a pre-term baby or infant with low birth weight. Environmental factors also include socioeconomic and cultural factors. Women who live in low-income communities are at risk of not getting enough to eat or proper medical care during pregnancy. Poor  nutrition and inadequate medical care could result in pre-term birth or infant low birth weight. Stress is also an environmental factors. Women who are subjected to daily distress can pass the effects of stress onto their unborn child. Children born to mothers who suffered from depression and other stress related issues were found to be emotional, psychological and developmentally challenged. Children who suffer from Attention Deficit Disorder present an example of how maternal stress during pregnancy can impact the physical development. Adequate nutrition, routine medical care and maternal psychological and emotional well being are essential to reduce the influence external factors have on prenatal development. How a fetus develops during the prenatal period will have a immense impact on the subsequent periods of development. Infancy The infancy period of human development begins at birth and ends at the approximate age of three. Parent-child bonding is essential during the infancy period. Infancy is the period of development in which a human being relies completely caregivers for all its basic needs, as such, infancy is marked as the period in which human beings develop trust for others and for their environment. According to Erikson (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) during this period infants must resolve the crisis of trust versus mistrust (p. 9). Human beings undergo a significant amount of physical and cognitive development during the infancy period. During infancy, interaction with caregivers sets the emotional foundation for all future relationships. Cognitive, motor, and social/emotional development are also developmental milestones that occur during the infancy period. Many ‘first-time’ developmental events occur during infancy. Infants’ learn various skills such as crying, nursing and coordination; these learned skills ensure the infants’ ability to satisfy his/her attachment needs by soliciting the nurturing attention from caregivers. During infancy an emotional and physical attachment is established between an infant and its caregiver(s). According to Bowlby (Delius, Bovenschen, Spangler, 2008; Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) attachment theory is the theory of social-emotional development; where infants develop a bond with the primary caregiver(s) and a sense of security within their environment. The attachment relationship that develops between infant and caregiver will set the foundation for all  future relationships, as such, any deviation from a healthy attachment relationship can have an adverse affect on the infants future relationships. A study by Bates, Maslin, & Frankel (Year), found a direct correlation between a child’s ability to self-regulate his/her behavior and the mother-child attachment relationship established during infancy. Early Childhood Human infants are the most vulnerable and helpless of any other species at birth; however cognitive, physical and emotional development during the infancy period is what helps bring the human infant to developmental par. Early childhood is the period of development where extensive cognitive, emotional, physical and social growth occurs. The early childhood period begins at age three and last until around six years old. The early childhood period marks the start of school for most children. Children begin to explore their environment and reach for more autonomy and independence. Cognitive skills continue to develop and children begin to develop a sense of self during early childhood. Children begin to learn the physical differences between self and others. Children learn social appropriateness and begin the journey of peer interaction. During this stage children may experience behavior problems as they attempt to develop their social skills and independence. It’s during this st age that children begin to interact more frequently with individuals outside the family structure. Exposure to other children, cultures, values and environments can have a negative impact on a child’s behavior. Middle Childhood The middle childhood period begins at age six and ends around the age of 12 or 13. For most children, middle childhood begins the journey to independence and self-awareness/actualization. Children begin to develop concrete likes and dislikes. Boys show signs of increased gross motor coordination and girls show signs of increased fine motor coordination. At this time some children will begin playing sports or participate in extracurricular activities such as music lessons, little league or girls scouts. Emotional and biological changes and continued cognitive development also occur during middle childhood. The onset of puberty is common during middle childhood. Children develop gender specific role  identities and sexual identity/orientation may also develop. Middle childhood also marks the beginning of peer pressure and self-esteem issues. Adolescence Adolescence can be a very emotional and challenging period of development. It begins around the age of 12-13 and last until age 20. Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood. Individuals continue to aggressively reach for more independence from family. Adolescence is marked with more physical changes/development. For late bloomers, the onset of puberty may not occur until adolescence. Identity and gender conflict are common issues of adolescence. Adolescence continues the exploration of sexuality (sexual preference and sexual orientation). Culture begins to have a significant influence on gender role identity. In many cultures, adolescence marks the ascension into adulthood. Adolescence can be a time of great conflict when cultural views on gender roles and identity do not match with a child’s maturity level. Parents and authority figures begin to few adolescents as pseudo-adults. Parental expectations are high and some adolescents do not possess a level of maturity that meets parental standards. The conflict of almost being an adult can cause rebellious and risky behavior in some adolescents. Adolescents are more prone to illegal substance use, violent behavior, illegal behavior, and sexual promiscuity. Erikson suggests that adolescence is the stage of development that is plagued with the most crises and success through this stage requires a healthy and stable environment. Early Adulthood Early adulthood begins around the age of 20 and last well into the 40s. Early adults are focused on friendships, intimate relationships, child bearing and careers. During early adulthood a person might experience physical, emotional or psychological issues such as depression or chemical dependency. Physical development is at its peak by early adulthood; however cognitive skills continue to develop. Individuals begin to take on new roles and identities in their personal and professional lives. Morals and values begin emerge (independent of parental influences). One of the major milestones of early adulthood is falling in love. An individuals’ ability to successfully develop and maintain an intimate adult relationship will  depend significantly on the attachment relationships developed during infancy. According to Broderick & Blewitt (2010) childhood attachment theory provides a useful framework for conceptualizing adult intimacy (p. 382). Erikson’s sixth stage of development, intimacy versus isolation is another theoretical view on the process of establishing intimate relationships in early adulthood. Erikson suggests (Broderick & Blewitt, 20100) that young adults are internally driven to establish intimate relationships by their need for generativity (p. 381). Middle Adulthood Middle adulthood begins at the age of 40 and last until the age of 60-65. Middle adulthood marks the time of new beginnings for a lot of people. Middle age finds many people divorced, starting new careers, going back to school and even starting families for the first or second time. Stay at home parents are entering the workforce for the first time or returning back to work after raising their family. Middle adulthood marks the beginning of the loss of friends and family due to illness (death). Middle adulthood brings changes in physical appearance and ability (menopause, hair loss, impotence†¦). Individuals begin to find a sense of community during middle adulthood; volunteering their time and resources for various community and/or humanitarian causes. Health issues are also a factor during middle adulthood. The onset of physical and emotional illness has a significant impact on the quality of life during middle adulthood. According to Erikson, individuals experience the seventh stage of development, generativity versus stagnation, during middle adulthood. Generativity refers to an individuals need to guide and mentor younger generations to leading and developing meaningful lives, in contrast to stagnation which refers to an individuals feeling he or she has done nothing to give back to or help the next generation. Late Adulthood Late adulthood begins around the age of 60-65 and last until death. More physical and health related issues occur during late adulthood. Loss of friends and family to illness and natural causes is more frequent and common during late adulthood. Changes in cognitive ability due to mental illness (dementia, Alzheimer’s) manifest during late adulthood. Late adulthood marks the time of retirement for many individuals. Late adulthood marks the period of senescence – the process of aging (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). As an individual gets older changes in food consumption and metabolism result in changes in weight. Also, changes in of the tissue and bone density in addition to compression of the spinal cord result in changes in height. As the body begins to degenerate an individual is more susceptible to illness and disease. More common physical changes of aging include hair, hearing and tooth loss, and wrinkling and reduced physical strength. Developmental changes in the brain are also part of the aging process. During middle to late adulthood an individual will begin to experience some loss of memory (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). It becomes difficult to remember minor details of past and/or immediate events. Other effects of aging include changes in mental health. Many older individuals suffer from chronic mental illnesses such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. As an individual gets older he or she may find it difficult to physically do many of the things he or she did during adolescence or middle adulthood. Because of these new age imposed restrictions many individuals experience and/or suffer from mental and emotional illness. Getting older can limit or change a persons’ social life, as such, many people become discourage and/or depressed because of physical limitation due to aging. During late adulthood individuals enter Erikson’s eight stage of development, integrity and despair. According to Erickson for most individuals late adulthood is a time for reflection. An individual looks back upon his or her life to access whether life was good and filled with happiness or whether life is laced with countless regret. Knowing what I know – Applying Lifespan Development to Industrial-Organizational Psychology Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychology is the study of the workplace. I-O psychologist apply methods of psychology to issues of business, talent management, coaching, assessment, selection, training, organizational development, performance, and work-life balance (www.siop.org, nd). â€Å"Industrial/Organizational (I/O) psychologists study human behavior in the workplace. I/O psychology is an applied discipline that seeks to improve organizational behavior, attitudes, performance, and results. I/O psychologists are trained in the disciplines of organization change and  development, leadership effectiveness, work motivation, training and employee development, human performance improvement, job analysis, performance appraisal, personnel selection research, test development, research methods, and statistics. I/O psychologists are employed in business and industry, consulting firms, non-profit organizations, government agencies, the military, and academe. Through their research and performance improvement interventions, I/O psychologists improve the bottom line of the organization by helping the organization’s leaders select the right people, train and develop people effectively, motivate employees, improve individual and group performance, and reward empl oyees appropriately† (http://www.latech.edu, nd) So how can studying lifespan development benefit the professional career of an I-O psychologist? My ultimate professional goal is to teach at the university level. But while I work my way towards gaining the knowledge and skills necessary for a career in academics I would like to direct my attention to making the workplace a better place for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. As a member of the LGBT community I have witness blatant acts of discrimination against LGBT employees and watched some many tolerate a hostile and unhealthy work environment. I would like to help organizations establish programs that educate employees about the LGBT community, specifically the psychology aspect of coming out. For many of my LGBT colleagues’ coming out is a two-fold process; a person first comes out to family and friends and then must make the decision of coming out in the workplace. The psychological trauma associated with coming out in the workplace has an impact, not only on the person coming out, but on the organization as a whole. I believe educating employees about self—personal morals, values and religious beliefs is a good place to start in the fight against LGBT workplace discrimination. It is the personal morals, values, and religious beliefs that allow people to form opinions about LGBT individuals. So how will I apply my knowledge of lifespan development? Through my study of lifespan psychology I gained a better understanding of how the varies stages of life can influence how a person thinks or reacts to a situation. There is no right age of coming out and in my experience coming out can happen in any stage of life. The knowledge I gained about the various stages of life will help me in developing a program geared  around these stages. I would also like to provide career counseling for LGBT youth. The adolescent years are already a confusing time, coupled with the idea that one might be homosexual; this may leave some LGBT youth in limbo about what they want to do with their lives. Current LGBT youth programs are geared towards helping youth understand their sexuality, but drop the ball on helping the individual understand how to live as an openly gay adult. Overall the knowledge I gained from this course will help me to better understand why human being do the things they do and how I can help them do things better. I have a better understanding of the various changes that occur throughout the lifespan and as an I-O psychologist I can apply this knowledge to improving the workplace for individuals in all stages of life. References Baltes, B. B., & Dickson, M. W. (2001). Using Life-Spa Models in Industrial-Organizational Psychology: The Theory of Selective Optimization With Compensation. Applied Development Science. 5(1), 51-62. Benson, P., Galbraith, J., & Espeland, P. (1994). What kids need to succeed: Proven, practical ways to raise good kids. Minneapolis: Free Spirit Publishing. Berk, L. E. (2007). Development through the lifespan. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Berkowitz, M., & Grych, J. (1998). Fostering goodness: Teaching parents to facilitate children’s moral development. Journal of Moral Education, 27(3), 371-391. Bono, G. & Froh, J. (2009). Gratitude in school: Benefits to students and schools. In R. Gilman, E, Huebner, & M. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in the schools (pp. 77-88). New York: Routledge. Broderick, P. C. & Blewitt, P. (2010). The Life Span: Human development for helping professionals (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. Courage, M. L., & Howe, M. L. (2002). From infant to child: The dynamics of cognitive change in the second year of life. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 250-277. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.250 Dean, S., Bhutta, Z., Mason, E. M., Howson, C., Chandra-Mouli, V., Lassi, Z., & Iman, A., (2012). Care before and between pregnancy (Born to Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth). Retrieved from The Partnership fro Maternal, Newborn and Child Health website: http://www.who.int/pmnch/media/news/2012/preterm_birth_report/en/index.html Feldman, R. S. (2006). Development across the life span. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102(2), 284-304. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.284 Hepper, P. G., (2006). Prenatal Development. In A. Slater & M. Lewis (Eds.), Introduction to Infant Development (pp. 41-62). Retrieved from http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199283057/slater_chap03.pdf Huitt, W. (2010). A holistic view of education and schooling: Guiding students to develop capacities, acquire virtues, and provide service. Paper presented at the 12th Annual International Conference sponsored by the Athens Institute for Education and Research (ATINER), May 24-27, Athens, Greece. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/holistic-view-of-schooling.pdf Louisiana Technical University, (nd). What is I-O Psychology. Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. Retrieved from http://www.latech.edu/education/psychology/graduate/industrial_organizational_psychology/internship/Brochure.pdf McElwain, N. L., Booth-LaForce, C., & Wu, X. (2011). Infant–mother attachment and children’s friendship quality: Maternal mental-state talk as an intervening mechanism. Developmental Psychology, 47(5), 1295-1311. doi:10.1037/a0024094 McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. r., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., HÃ…â„¢ebà ­Ã„ kovà ¡, M., Avia, M. D., & †¦ Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 78(1), 173-186. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173 Rothbart, M. K., & Ahadi, S. A. (1994). Temperament and the development of personality. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 55-66. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.55 Santrock, J., MacKenzie-Rivers, A., Malcomson, T., & Ho Leung, K. (2011). Life-Span Development (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Pyerson.

Daniel Boone essays

Daniel Boone essays Daniel Boone, one of the nation's most famous frontiersmen, was born and raised in Pennsylvania, on November 2, 1734. Little is known of Daniel's Pennsylvania years, though he did return to visit his boyhood home in 1781 and again in 1788. Of course, as a young man he began the adventures he is known for, opening new regions of Kentucky for settlement. He established Boones borough, Kentucky in 1775. His father, Squire Boone, an English Quaker and prominent Pennsylvanian businessman, migrated south in 1750 after selling the homestead to William Maugridge, a relative of the Boones. Daniel Boone was born on November 2, 1734 in a log cabin. The Boone families were Quakers who had a Blacksmith shop, a small farm, and a weaving business. Daniel did his part to help by working on the farm. His father eventually bought a larger piece of land, and Daniel went to live there and tend the cows. This is where he learned to be a great woodsman. The Indians nearby taught him all about being a goo d woodsman and a hunter. Daniel learned so well that these traits helped him fight other Indians. At age 12 he started shooting with a gun that his father had given him. He loved the freedom of the outdoors and soon became a skilled woodsman, even better than the Indians. In 1750 settlers were beginning to crowd the Boones, and they decided to move along the Yadkin River in North Carolina. In 1755 Daniel volunteered to be a supply wagon driver in the army. There he learned about the wonderful place known as Kentucky. At age 21, one year after he returned from fighting in the army, Daniel married Rebecca Bryan who was 17 at the time. This was a good match because Rebecca was almost as good as Daniel at using a rifle. Whenever people started settling the area where he lived, he and Rebecca moved on. She only refused to go when Daniel wanted to move to Florida. He had seen the land and he liked it there. She said no, so they stay ...

Free Essays on Media Analysis

. The article seemed to express the notion that it was the US that led all these charges against Iran. While in all three articles they talked about how the US was the one who initially got the ball rolling, The London paper was the only one who stopped there. The Boston Globe article along with the Billings Gazette talked about reactions of other governments from around the world. The Globe article discussed statements made by Foreign Secretary Jack Straw of Britain, Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer from Berlin, Iranian President Mohammad Khatami, and IAEA chief Mohammed Elbarade... Free Essays on Media Analysis Free Essays on Media Analysis Media Analysis and Report This report is about the current agreement Iran has made with the UN’s International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The basic compromise was that Iran would suspend uranium enrichment and allow UN inspectors unrestricted access to its nuclear facilities. Iran is saying that their nuclear program is strictly a peaceful program designed to produce power for its people. Many nations including the US believe that the program is just a disguise for their nuclear weapons program. The US government has led the action to try to get Iran to stop nuclear production but it took three European foreign ministers who visited Tehran and pressed the demands laid out by the UN’s IAEA for Iran to agree to cooperate. I picked three somewhat different newspaper articles on the same subject to try to explain the different viewpoints from different agency’s and different countries. The Billings Gazette’s (Billings, MT) article was titled Iran will suspend uranium enrichment, allow spot checks of its nuclear program. The other US based newspaper I used was The Boston Globe and the name of that article is Pressed, Iran offers nuclear concession. The last article I will be referencing is Iran agrees to checks on nuclear program from the London Free Press. Out of all of the articles the one from London is by far the shortest at 261 words. The article seemed to express the notion that it was the US that led all these charges against Iran. While in all three articles they talked about how the US was the one who initially got the ball rolling, The London paper was the only one who stopped there. The Boston Globe article along with the Billings Gazette talked about reactions of other governments from around the world. The Globe article discussed statements made by Foreign Secretary Jack Straw of Britain, Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer from Berlin, Iranian President Mohammad Khatami, and IAEA chief Mohammed Elbarade...

Proper Use of The Colon

Proper Use of The Colon Proper Use of The Colon Proper Use of The Colon By Mark Nichol The colon is a versatile punctuation mark. Here are its three primary functions, followed by a few other uses: Definition or Expansion â€Å"But here’s the interesting thing: He hadn’t ever been there before.† Note the capitalization of the first word after the colon. All usage guides agree that in a sentence like â€Å"I want you to tell me one thing: the truth,† the first word should be lowercase because it begins a phrase, not a complete sentence. But handbooks are divided over whether to capitalize complete sentences. The Chicago Manual of Style advises doing so only when the defining or expanding passage following the colon consists of two or more sentences. Others disagree, and though I usually follow Chicago, I concur with them: It can be difficult in a passage to know when the definition or expansion ends, and the distinction between a single sentence and two or more seems trivial and inconsistent. Setting up a Quotation He makes this moral argument: â€Å"Taking whatever we need from the world to support our comfortable lives is not worthy of us as moral beings.† Note that the colon concludes an independent clause that introduces a statement; it brings the reader to a temporary halt. Writers, ignoring the grammatical distinction between this construction and a simple attribution, widely but incorrectly use colons in place of commas, as in this erroneous usage: â€Å"He voted against it, declaring: ‘The only thing this bill will stimulate is the national debt.’† In this case, or after â€Å"He said† or â€Å"She asked† or a similar term, a simple comma suffices. Introducing a List When a phrase that introduces a numbered, unnumbered, or bullet list, or a run-in list, syntactically comes to a stop, use the colon as the bumper: â€Å"The two central questions in ethical theories are as follows: 1. What is the good for which we strive or should strive, and what is the evil that we would like to or must avoid? 2. What is the proper or desired course of action, and what is the inappropriate or forbidden course of action?† But when each item in the list is an incomplete sentence that continues an introductory phrase, omit it: â€Å"For this experiment, you will need electrical wire (at least 3 feet), a pair of wire cutters, a battery, a flashlight bulb, and electrical tape.† When, in the latter example, the list is formatted with the introductory phrase and each item on its own line, â€Å"For this experiment, you will need† remains bereft of a colon, and each item ends with a period. (Notice that my explanatory introduction to each list type above is closed, with a colon.) Colons are used in several other ways to clarify relationships between words and numbers: They set off a character’s name from a line of dialogue in a script; separate titles and subtitles of books, films, and other works; distinguish between chapter and verse in reference to books of the Bible and in similar usages; and separate numerals denoting hours, minutes, and other units of time. In addition, they have specific functions in mathematics, logic, and computer programming, as well as informal roles in setting actions or sounds apart from words in email and online chats (much as parentheses are used in quotations and dialogue) and as a basic character in emoticons (arrangements of punctuation marks and other symbols to simulate a facial expression). But it is when the colon is employed in one of the three primary purposes that errors are most likely to appear and communication is most likely to be compromised. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesThe Many Forms of the Verb TO BECharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Diversity in the Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Diversity in the Workplace - Research Paper Example Examples of such high power distances are found in countries like Spain, South America, Italy, Africa, Mexico and the European countries having a predominantly Latin population. The relationships between individuals working in the same organization are known as individualism – collectivism. According to Hofstede, a rich and developed nation gives more emphasis to the individual manner of its people and a poor and underdeveloped nation believes in dwelling in a collective manner. The third reference found by Hofstede, is that of the prejudices made on the criterion of genders. He explains this as the emphasis provided by a particular culture on gender equality and terms it as masculineness – womanhood. A male dominated society has clearly demarcated roles of woman and man. Such cultures are seen in countries like Italy, Greece, Venezuela, Switzerland and Japan. This is not the case in cultures which are predominantly feminine in nature. Here such roles can be interchange d and there exists greater equality and integration between both sexes. Such cultures are dominant in countries like Finland, Denmark, Netherlands and Sweden (Hofstede, 1996). The fear of the unknown is termed by Hofstede as the control of the incertitude. This fear is far more dominant in cultures which has a greater need for planning, order and security and can be viewed in countries like Greece, Japan, France, Belgium and Portugal. The fear of the unknown is far less in developed nations like United Kingdom, Sweden, United States of America and Denmark. Depending on the constraints of time which can be further divided into long and short, the factor of Confucianism – dynamism has been provided by Hosstede (Lynch, 2002). The societies which are the forbearers of Confucianism, advocate...International Business Machines or IBM displays a diverse and talented manpower. Getting the full advantage out of diversity is one of the primary aims of this multinational firm as it belie ves that diversity leads to obtaining competitive edge over rivals. One of the main functions of this organization’s focus on diversity in workforce is its promise to provide the same opportunities to all individuals (IBM, 2012). By IBM terms, diversity means that individual discrepancies are expected, encouraged and revered so that every personnel in order to enhance productivity, achievement and innovation. The main goal of this organization is to form and preserve a culture which makes personnel valued and welcomed to this firm by maximizing the best use of varied talents and make IBM as the organization of choice to its customers and workforce. Currently IBM is focusing on the below mentioned diverse networking clusters. a) Disabled people – This is an association of disabled personnel and has strong links with the wider groups and is one of the most active clusters in IBM. b) Flexibility – This is another set up which actively finds personnel open to job sharing, part time or other supple working choices. c) Women in technology – Another association aiming to encourage and bear the development, growth, recognition and advancement of IBM’s current female workforce in the technical area. d) In order to emphasize multiculturalism, IBM has especially come out with a cultural diversity group.

Social Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Social Performance - Essay Example nd are shrinking within the conventional channels and are and will be taking a highly fragmented, tough channel in which the advertisers know instantly that they have reached their audience. The performance-based marketing is online oriented giving a healthy marketing environment. In the performance-based marketing, the trend is currently encompassing an all-time high speeds for surfing. In this case, the current advancements in technology have made reporting and targeting undemanding. Indeed, the performance-based marketing has become stable to growing because of its inherent superiority of measurability. The trend is more of recession-resistant instead of the recession-proof, which could be experienced in the traditional media and whose features were not measurable. The performance-based marketing, which can be via display, email, and search, or social media, applies to a large set of advisers, publishers, agencies, plus the social media marketing in the entire continuum. For ad vertisers: with the current trends in performance-based marketing, the online advertising is subject to real-time search whenever it comes to results, which is due to the tracking of advertising. Advertisers can utilize the affiliate programs to generate highly direct links, from web-based content towards appropriate opportunities in e-commerce. The subset of performance-base marketing, the Cost per Acquisition, provides a full continuum of advertising services online hence generate a demonstrable return for advertisers (Barbara & Norman, 2001). For publishers: following the performance-based advertising, publisher get the true worth of their audience. A publisher becomes highly proactive within their marketing since they get paid for their activities. The website of the publisher can focus on moving the target market towards a highly lucrative avenue for transactions based on the market requirements. This is an indicator that; the publisher is an individual who understan ds

Human Resource Management policies and techniques Essay

Human Resource Management policies and techniques - Essay Example The term, Human Resource Management had it origin in 1970s. However the concept of management of the organisational resources pertaining to the welfare and maintenance of manpower has received the attention of mangers of institutional entities since periods dating back to the centuries. This view is supported by the fact that even in 1800 BC itself, 'minimum wage rate' and 'incentive wage plan' were included in the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (Ashwatappa K 2002, p.16).However after the second Word War, the approach over the management of personnel widened from mere welfare to more broader visions like development, control and professionalism. By the end the last century, Human Resource Management acquired a real professional perspective and scientific discussions were initiated in the corporate world leading to formulation of accurate management technologies. The Human Resource Management Challenges were scientifically identified and Development tools for Human Resources were lately discovered. The term, Human Resource Management is often mixed in ideology, with the term Personnel management. Though appearing similar in the outline, Human Resource Management differs from Personnel Management both in scope and orientation. Human Resource Management considers manpower as an important source or asset which can be utilised in favour of the organisation, employees and the society. It has a mutually benefiting approach benefiting the job provider, the worker and the society around the work environment. However Personnel management has a limited scope and an inverted orientation. The sole consideration of the manpower as a tool to be amended and utilized for the mere benefit of the organisation is the limitation in the approach of the concepts defined under Personnel management. Due to this circumscribed nature of the concepts under Personnel management, it was gradually replaced by the broader concept of Human Resource Management. The acceleration of this replacement across the globe was triggered as the largest professional organisation in the field of management, The American Society for Personnel Administration (ASPA) changed their name to The Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM). The Importance of Human Resource Management The importance of Human Resource Management is quite vital to make an organisation sustain in the corporate competitiveness of modern business. Human Resource Management would help an institution to get prepared and adapt to the continuous innovations in the corporate world. The maintenance of a state of the art Human Resource Management programme and policy would help institutions to attract quality manpower. Appropriate and optimised supply of skilled personnel can only be ensured through an accurate Human Resource Management Strategy. The efficacy of the trainings and other capacity building processes to be molded for the benefit of the organisation needs proper planning. These Human Resource trainings would prepare the work force to be ready in advance for the ever changing requirements of the industry. Another key benefit of proper Human Resource Management is that it would motivate the team and continuously upgrade them with relevance

Define security and loss prevention and list resources Personal Statement

Define security and loss prevention and list resources - Personal Statement Example New functions of security such as: anti-terrorist units, information security, crises controlling system and auditing have been added to the definition of security. Due to increase in specialized functions of security, practitioners have started using a comprehensive term to refer to functions of security. The term used to discuss functions is loss prevention. Loss prevention refers to use of any methods by companies and individuals to increase prevention and control loss of resources, people and information. These methods may include: encryption of information, auditing of records and safety measures such as fire alarm systems. The main reason due to which people have started using the term loss prevention instead of security is that the term security is used in a negative manner. Thus, the use of the term loss prevention can provide a positive image of the term security. Titles used for people who are responsible for loss prevention includes: security manager, Information Security officer

Eliminating Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eliminating Bias - Essay Example Both of these aspects of management bias send some signs of favorable predisposition on one group while the other group experiences unfairness, mistreatment and bitterness, which ultimately translate into poor performance. The reporting of these unfair treatments almost often goes futile with fear of being fired or increased discrimination. Management of human resource faces many challenges including management bias due to inherent human errors. Individual managers’ personality which is factor of several psychological development interactions is an issue almost beyond the junior worker’s control. This is therefore the reason why appropriate measures must be taken by the managers, to ensure that their management practices are favorable to all, regardless of their differences. Favoring one group of persons with respect to their different characteristics has been reported, indicating the extent to which these errors affect human resource management. Being a boss is one thing while exercising the best human resource management is yet another. Over several centuries, these errors have continually reduced productivity, at least until when the field of human resource management evolved to offer solutions (Wanq, 2010). Bias and unethical conduct are totally different things in management, since some aspects of its aspects are sub-conscious. The fact that management involves decision making on a high frequency than any other worker exposes managers to risks of being biased on several grounds. Causes of management bias could be weight, height, color, age, race or even ethnicity. Human resource management recognizes management bias as a conflict which must be resolved for performance enhancement. Conflict resolution means that the complete absence of the elements of conflicts may not be realized. It therefore necessitates the accommodation and utilization of the underlying forces of the conflict to a meaningful coexistence that enhances maximization of

The issue of regional currency unification Essay

The issue of regional currency unification - Essay Example However, the important and fundamental differences between the European Union and the other regions needs to be viewed critically, because the circumstances obtained in the case of EU with regard to the regional currency unification is significantly different compared to the other regions mainly in terms of political background, level of interactions among the member states, diplomatic relationships, cultural differences, historical political relationships among these countries, the level of maturity and understanding on the part of the various stakeholders with regard to the benefits that might arise out of currency unification. Apart from the economic considerations, which are not insurmountable in any case, the political situations in the different countries in the region both domestically and in relation to the neighboring countries and the leadership issues in these countries could act as a stumbling block in the progress towards regional currency unification. Economic integrati on in the developing world Currency substitution in the backdrop of globalization is the common phenomenon in many countries. US Dollar has been used in several countries outside the US, and Euro outside EU countries simultaneously alongside the local currencies. This practice is prevalent in most of the countries in travel, tourism and hotel industries, where the US Dollar and Euro are accepted freely. There are many full- fledged money changers registered with the centrals banks of various countries doing business around the world, who exchange currencies of a country for currencies of other countries. Currency movements across the borders have substantially increased over the period of time on account of remittances by the nationals residing in foreign countries consequent upon liberalization and globalization of economies. In the integration process of the global economy, absolute control over supply and circulation of money by the state has given way to the unification of regio nal currencies, which may subsequently pave way for common currency for the world as a whole or at the best few currencies. Debates on replacement of national currency with the common currency by all the countries in a specified region, as in the case of Euro, have gathered momentum at regional level in various parts of the globe. For instance, the idea of common currency for SAARC countries (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), ASEAN countries, regional African countries and so on are on conceptual level at various stages. Regional unification of currencies The move towards regional currency regime need not be considered as a surrender of sovereignty by the nations in the unification process. Rather it is a process of coming together by various nations recognizing the need for unification, justified by the benefits of currency unification in the economic development of the constituent countries. According to Cohen (2003, p. 2), the emergence of regional currencies can be regarded as a logical corollary of the intense competitive contest among monies – a Darwinian struggle where, ultimately, only the fittest may survive. The decision of a country with regard to unification of currencies is dependent upon several factors such as size of the economy, stability in the financial markets, and its exposure to international trade, political situation in the country and its diplomatic relationship with the other countries in the

Eliminating Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eliminating Bias - Essay Example Both of these aspects of management bias send some signs of favorable predisposition on one group while the other group experiences unfairness, mistreatment and bitterness, which ultimately translate into poor performance. The reporting of these unfair treatments almost often goes futile with fear of being fired or increased discrimination. Management of human resource faces many challenges including management bias due to inherent human errors. Individual managers’ personality which is factor of several psychological development interactions is an issue almost beyond the junior worker’s control. This is therefore the reason why appropriate measures must be taken by the managers, to ensure that their management practices are favorable to all, regardless of their differences. Favoring one group of persons with respect to their different characteristics has been reported, indicating the extent to which these errors affect human resource management. Being a boss is one thing while exercising the best human resource management is yet another. Over several centuries, these errors have continually reduced productivity, at least until when the field of human resource management evolved to offer solutions (Wanq, 2010). Bias and unethical conduct are totally different things in management, since some aspects of its aspects are sub-conscious. The fact that management involves decision making on a high frequency than any other worker exposes managers to risks of being biased on several grounds. Causes of management bias could be weight, height, color, age, race or even ethnicity. Human resource management recognizes management bias as a conflict which must be resolved for performance enhancement. Conflict resolution means that the complete absence of the elements of conflicts may not be realized. It therefore necessitates the accommodation and utilization of the underlying forces of the conflict to a meaningful coexistence that enhances maximization of

Career Path for Acounting Essay Example for Free

Career Path for Acounting Essay It is always so hard to give the exact number of people who have majored in accounting, but one thing that I know is that the demography is very wide and large. This is because they have different reasons for majoring in this career path. The most common reason to all people is because accounting is a marketable career and they merely want to find a job. The number of people majoring in this field is growing immensely and the most important thing is to consider the main reason of joining this profession. Some people will claim that when they were in high school, this was their best subject and they loved it and so they will need to major in it. I believe the best reason for majoring in accounting is because it has wide varieties of career path that one can major in. People should understand that this field is not all about debits and credits. It is more of a communicating language in the world of business and this is why many chief executive officers hold a degree in this field. In the day today life it is usually one of the most common undergraduate degree programs. The most important thing is to make certain that all of the people who are in this profession understand business and that is why many people who have ventured in accounting always have considerations for such posts. The most interesting part of this career choice is that most of the time the people who venture into it will always have the best job positions waiting for them because many people always have a notion that it is a difficult discipline. The employment opportunities are abounding for the graduates majoring in accounting. The government figures shows that at least 1.2 million of jobs are held by accountants every year. According to the Feldmann, 2009 and also the survey done by the Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA, 2000) the graduates are declining but after revisiting their research in the year 2005, it reflected an increase in number of the accountant graduates. This has become a relief to many accounting recruiters. According to the 2007 Employment dynamics and growth expectations (EDGE) 57% of the hiring managers have a difficulty when hiring qualified staff. This call for a necessity of accounting graduates, which fortunately is increasing day after the other as the business enterprises increase. After attaining a degree in this sector, most of the students always opt to become public accountants as the first career choice. The choice of either taking job as a private accountant depended on the fact that they had to make choices among the salary values offered to them. None of them like to work in the non profit organizations. They also venture to work in a CPA company because this will give them an opportunity to venture in areas that they want to experience especially in the write up sector and auditing. This will offer them the necessary experience and that is one of the things that have invigorated so many students in venturing in the public sector option. One may also opt to venture in the private sector which is immensely lucrative. Some of the student will always like to work for the company which is rising up in this sector, but this will be determined by the level of research one is willing to do. This will give them a chance to grow and nurture their career paths in different sectors. I would advise the graduates to incline towards the public sector especially the government and non profitable sector which will provide them with the best job security even if the salary is low. There are several things that an accountant can do after they have completed their undergraduate degree. One can choose to specialize in different areas of this field, but most of all have the kind of skills that can enable them in doing so. One of the areas that is very common for people who have done accounting. Auditing is one of the areas that one can venture in. It is one of the basic areas that people have chosen to build their careers in. This kind of job involves checking of ledgers and financial statements for an organization so as to determine if they are making losses and are they spending the cash that has been allocated to them accordingly. In the era that we are in today, the work of this nature has been automated and mostly they just need to key in the values accordingly and they are going to get the right kind of statement. They ensure that the values that are presented are for the financial year contains the right values. Accounting career paths are very varied and this is why many a times one has to consider the path that they want take. Many people after they have cleared school do not have an impression where to flinch their careers but the many options have in these career paths that can be taken. Book keeping is another thing that they can do. These are the people who keep records of invoices, payments and other revenue coming for a company or an individual. In many cases they will always want to venture in this area accordingly. Another area, which they would venture in is becoming general accountants. This is almost the same to a book keeper, but they make accruals and the necessary adjustments in the accounting records. In the large organizations, they are usually placed in departments like human resources department dealing with the payment of the staff. Another area is when one becomes a controller. These are the people who are responsible for the accounting department. They usually work in the public sector but also venture in the private sector and they are usually in charge of cash flow for the organization. For one to reach to such a position, one must work and put a lot of determination in the work that they do. The other job, which is available for them is becoming a forensic accountant. These are the people who work with the government or the persons who are accountable for auditing and investigating crimes which are related to accounting frauds and other related things. These people should ensure that they posses some level of law knowledge because this will assist them in identifying areas which have been altered and assist in prosecution of the culprits. A budget analyst is another thing that they can do. This is because they are able to interpret many things, which are recorded in the budget. This is a very crucial and involving work because they are the people who are responsible in the making of financial plans for businesses and other organizations especially the government agencies and other non profitable organizations. The professionals who have taken up these works can take up these jobs in both the private and the public sectors. The people who take these kinds of jobs should be very innovative when it comes to the negotiation process and that is why they should have good personal and interpersonal skills. Financial accounting is another sector that one can venture in. These are the persons who are accountable for the preparation of financial statements of the available businesses or any enterprise. These are the persons who are used to make decisions when there is a merger which is going to take place in any company. This is because these people Are gifted to study the fiscal statements of the two companies and determine if there is a need for merger and if one of the companies is taking advantage of the other or not. They are also responsible for forecasting to determine the returns that will be experienced by the companies when they merge. It is important to make sure that these people are responsible for the financial and accounting processes. Management accounting is a very busy position in any organization. This is why many people are able to have the kind of decisions that are deterministic in the process of capital budgeting and the area of analysis of contracts. Control on businesses on the expenses and the cost analysis is done by these people. They usually make sure that they work in close contact with the people responsible for the marketing sector since they assist in a big way when it comes to the making decisions which are good for the welfare of the company. Taxation is another area which they can take up. This is for persons who would like to become tax accountants. These are the people who work for both companies and individuals. They usually prepare statements which either for a corporation of personal income. It is a boost for the individual who is doing this kind of work to have good knowledge background of the necessary kind of economics which is being used by these people. Accountants are also responsible for advising individuals when it comes to venturing in different kinds of businesses. This is because they are the people who have the knowhow on the issues that are present and current in the business world. It is very good to ensure that the people who need services can be given independent and privately. Budgeting and other issues, which are associated with the business are given and offered to the people accordingly. This is very usual for the companies which need a lot of desecrate business especially those that are being faces with of competition. They need individuals who are trustworthy and can be able to keep a secret and the customer’s information private. Some individuals have also opted to continue with their studies even after becoming qualified accountants. They continue for MS to become licensed, Certified Public Accountants. This is a person who is approved by the state to finance financial information in the public companies to give accurate results. These are the individuals qualified to start their own auditing firms if they do not a favouring or well paying job opportunity (Felix 2010, 56). Thus the study found it advisable for the accountant graduates to continue to this level for better and higher chances of employment opportunities and also private or self employment enterprises. The study realized various career choices coincide with the accountant career path. Though the rate of accountant graduate seems to increase year after the other, the job opportunities are also increasing since many people are venturing to businesses which requires accountants to deal with the financial analysis. Each and every sector starting with the individual enterprises, the public, private and nongovernmental organizations cannot be successful without the accountants. These are important personnel since every business is after making profits and thus accounting careers like the auditing department are important to examine whether the business profitable or not. The private and public sectors also requires accountant staffs that are qualified to analyze their financial status and thus, realizing on the areas that needs improvement. Some students lack the opportunity of joining any of the discussed careers especially because of some issues like corruption and high competition. Nevertheless such students are not supposed to be frustrated but to come up with other activities that utilize their qualifications. A number of graduates who have lacked a position in the public, private, or the non profit organizations have started their own auditing firms. They run their own business as private auditors and are employed casually by these organizations. Other graduates have set their small microfinance businesses. These are industries which are growing at a high rate. For the qualified accountants their operations are easy and beneficial. These enterprises have become common in the rural areas and in areas with small scale business. Some of the accountants are joining hands to operate such businesses as partners. Some of these enterprises have grown to become Sacco’s and eventually banks. continue for MS to become licensed, Certified Public Accountants. This is an individual who is licensed by the state to finance financial information in the public companie s to give accurate results. These are the individuals qualified to start their own auditing firms if they do not a favouring or well paying job opportunity (Felix 2010, 56). Thus the study found it advisable for the accountant graduates to continue to this level for better and higher chances of employment opportunities and also private or self employment enterprises. For people who have advanced in these areas and actually had the best payment package compared to having a degree alone. This is why I would advice many people to make sure that they have taken the issue of taking CPA in an extra way to be able to make more money and have better jobs. Many people who have licences and certifications are able to have the best things in the career paths toward getting the best jobs possible. Every qualified accountant expects a salary that is higher than for any other undergraduate from a number of business schools. There is also an expectation of initiation into an exclusive professional club of the practicing accountants. This is a symbolic status that makes one feel to have an important and recognized rank in the society. Unfortunately these expectations are rarely met in the current society. Quite a number of students have joined the account career. This is making this field to have more than the required participants. In other words the supply is overtaking the demand. With high expectations of having a unique status, what happens when one fails to achieve this goal? One is also interested with the queries like where an accountant career path can lead one to or if there are there other industrial areas related to accountant career that such a graduate could get involved to utilize his knowledge. For students who are clearing from the universities i would advise that one who is trying to learn about a good accounting career path should have a wide variety of choices especially if he has a degree in accounting. One’s initial selection depends on the feeling about a primary direction that he believes is of interest to him. There are various general areas where one can choose to work in for instance private, public, government linked, or the non profit making organizations. For newer graduates, it is advisable to work with a CPA firm since it gives an opportunity to examine a number of industries and experience of both the audit and write up functions. One may also decide to join a private sector which is more beneficial, nevertheless it is advisable to first investigate on any industry that lies as a choice and go for the one that is fast growing. This gives an opportunity for expansion of ones career and thus wider rooms for advancement. Where one is inclined in a public service or a career in a government or non profit making organizations, one gets a good chance of exploring in various issues and can easily make changes which are beneficial to a the whole society or even the nation. All the government offices, in all departments, require accountant personnel that are talented. These offices include the FDIC, IRS, Comptroller of the currency, General services administration, military branches departments, health ministries, environmental ministries, to mention but a few. Any accounting working area, be it in government, public, or private sectors, will always lead to an interesting financial rewarding and beneficial careers. Though some of these careers overlap they vary in focus and lead to a challenging, professional life. In conclusion I would say that Accounting is a career that moulds accountants; these are persons that are responsible in the provision of data that is mainly required to make an assessment on the future and current economic activities. Accountants performs various duties, which include planning tax strategy, calculating the computing cost, preparation of financial statements, developing information technology, measuring financial performance, to mention but a few. This suggests that there are various and different accounting career paths which are beneficial in one way or another and can fit different people. Though some of them overlap, each of them has a specific focus. For successful career people should be able to do the best that they can do to advance this sector. Many technological advances have been made to ensure that these people who take up this course are able to save time and actually do their work better too.