The Underground Railroad s Working Against Slavery During...

US History I: 1763-1877; 1301.12 â€Å"Freedoms Trail† Resisting Slavery October 27, 2014 Cutler Quirante Dr. Gwinyai P. Muzorewa Abstract The author will investigate the Underground Railroad’s work to resist against slavery during the Civil War. The author will collaborate on the dealings of people who were leaders of the Underground Railroad, U.S. political stance on slavery, and the actions that were carried out for the cause of freedom. The authors main focus of the paper will be centered on operations of the Underground Railroad, members involved, struggles they went through to free enslaved people. The writer will go into detail of the Underground Railroad leaders operations. The presentation will be based on sources from an online database jstor.org. Thus, this paper will be about resistance against slavery, and the leaders of the Underground Railroad and their efforts to abolish slavery. Introduction United States African Americans have a very interesting history with the country. They have been enslaved, abused, treated with inequality, and subsequently freed. During the years 1861-1865there was a lot of political argument about freedom of the slaves. This time period is better known as the Civil War. In 1861 the president at the time, was newly elected Abraham Lincoln and pushed for the movement of freedom for the enslaved. The country was thus being torn into two sides, the North and the South, because of the dispute about freedom for African Americans.Show MoreRelatedThe Underground Railroad And Its Influence On The Civil War1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Underground Railroad was neither underground nor a railroad. A revolutionary event taking place during the civil war, it was an informal network of sympathetic whites in violation of the Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850 to help enslaved African s escape secretly in order to gain freedom in Northern States or Canada. This research paper will examine the movement of the Underground Railroad by reviewing primary and secondary sources available to successfully describe several sentiments regardingRead MoreThe Civil War : A Bloody Battle1150 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"With one terrible exception, the Civil War, law and the Constitution have kept America whole and free† (â€Å"Anthony Lewis†). This quote talks about how the Civil War kept America free. The Civil War was a very bloody battle that occurred about the right over slavery. The war began in 1861 and lasted for 4 years. The two armies were the Union and the Confederate. The Union won the war and it finally ended in 1865. The Civil War was one of the deadliest battles that changed the landscape of the US dueRead MoreHoward Zinn s Development Of Slavery1574 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the 17th to the 19th century, Europeans enslaved African people and forced them to perform exhausting labor. In A People’s History of the United States, Howard Zinn described the development of slavery by stating the contributing factors. For instance, settlers coming from Europe would station in Africa to force Africans to go to America and work on the colonists’ plantations. African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia in 1619 to aid in the production ofRead MoreWhat Was The Civil War?1490 Words   |  6 PagesWhat was the Civil War? Who was fighting who? â€Å"The war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world,† Dr. James McPherson writes. The Civil War was betweenRead MoreHoward Zinn s Development Of Slavery1363 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the 17th to the 19th century, Europeans expedited African people to perform exhausting labor, thus restricting their freedom. In a People’s History of the United States, Howard Zinn described the development of slavery by stating the contributing factors. For instance, European settlers coming from Europe and Spain would station at Africa to force Africans to return to America and work on plantations. African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, toRead MoreThere Are Many People Who Argue What The Real Cause Or1651 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many people who argue what the real cause or causes of the civil war was. I believe there are many causes but the main cause would be the issue of the southern states not wanting to get rid of chattel slavery. The southern states were dependent on slavery for the production of their economics. The southern states would fight for their policies to over extend into the blossomi ng states rather than the northern polices. President Abraham Lincoln, without a single vote from the southernRead MoreThe Truth Behind The Underground Railroad1281 Words   |  6 Pages The Truth behind the Underground Railroad Ronald Payne Central High School November 9, 2015 2nd Period â€Æ' Abstract Many people know of the famous slave system called The Underground Railroad. Throughout this generations time in school this topic have came up numerous times in our history classes. They mostly talk about the surface of the system and how, the most famous conductor, Harriett Tubman freed the slaves. This essay is important because it will provide you with in depth knowledge andRead MoreThe American Civil War Was Inevitable Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War was inevitable in many reasons. The economic and industrial evolution was mainly in the North side of the United States while the South was just a cotton kingdom, Slave Empire. Also both were completely opposites of one another when it was about freeing the slaves or hiring more. With many debates there has to be sides that would be separated especially if the president has so much hate from the people. With that being said, since many want opposing ideas, the Civil War becomes muchRead MoreBlack People Were The Victi ms Of Many Tragedies Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pagesblack people were the victims of many tragedies in American history. One of the most memorable misfortunes that this racial group faced was during the times of slavery. Slavery is the practice of labelling human beings as property so they have restricted liberty and are forced into working hard labor for the owners. Many blacks were forced or born into slavery, where they have been deprived of their power and suffered from long hours of work and physical attacks from their owners. Even though thisRead MoreAbolishing Slavery1390 Words   |  6 PagesMay 13, 2009 Abolishing Slavery The American civil war had a profound effect on the lives of slaves. It ultimately resulted in the abolition of slavery. Slaves first arrived in America in Virginia in 1619. The Underground Railway was a way by which slaves could find freedom. This was a method for northerners to help escaped slaves to find a place to live in free states or Canada. Free black Americans were usually the ones to plan and helped with the Underground Railroad. It is believed about 50

Description Of An Organization Human Resource Management...

[Answer 1.] a. â€Å"HR balance scorecard† Balance scorecard is structure that provide the significant internal stakeholder of company such as, managers and employee through levels and departments determinate way to rise performance of company. Though HR balanced scorecard hotel can accomplish goal and vision. 1) It has provoke and modification change in organisation different level and department of hotel staffs. 2) It will help to calculating performance in mandate to organisation mission and objectives. 3) It’s help to hotel monitoring cost and increase the significance value of hotel. 4) It make organisation human resource more effectiveness and more focused. 5) It help to balance between employee behaviour and manager in organisation and helping them in developed competence. 6) It will help to customer’s satisfaction and help in increase service customer related. b. ‘Benchmarking best HR process and outcome’: It means to gather data of related to organization human resource management system from the world or more competitive organisation in world. It evaluating human resource performance of orgensation. Though ‘Benchmarking best HR process and hotel can accomplish goal and vision: 1) This tool HRM to strongminded competitiveness of organisation and help to achieve its goal and mission. 2) Its help to hotel improve assurances of company employees and encourage them for more productivity in hotel customer services. 3) It will help hotel to diminishingShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Specialists And Position Management856 Words   |  4 Pagesjob description differs depending on the groups and objectives needed to achieve set goal within the department or organization. Job description will describe the position’s responsibilities, duties as well as minimum qualifications and education. â€Å"Exactly how job descriptions are prepared and used is a complicated story that has it origins in the creation of civil service systems and merit system principles.† (Borrego, 2012) Elected and appointed officials may consider positions management a necessityRead MoreMis System Form Functional Perspective763 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Systems from a Functional Perspective: Each management level has a special type of information system that best serves its needs. Each management level also consists of individual functions that require specific pieces of information according to their mission. Keeping in mind the four types of information systems we just reviewed; lets look at the information system requirements for each individual function. From the Function point of view organization can be divide Information SystemsRead MoreFunctional Area Plan: Human Resources1435 Words   |  6 PagesFunctional area Plan: Human Resources Member of Managing Mugs Human Resources Manager Composition The roles of Human Resources (HR) professionals are changing. HR managers were previously viewed as the patrolling unit of executive management. Yaduvanshi (n.d.) says that â€Å"their role was associated with personnel and administration functions that organization viewed as paperwork. In this role, the HR professional served executive agendas well, but was frequently viewed as a road-block by theRead MorePerformance Management at the University of Ghana982 Words   |  4 PagesPerformance Management at the University of Ghana It is commendable that the Balme Library is seeking to enhance their diverse customer base through several initiatives, including the improvement of their performance management system. Aguinis (2013) has noted the importance of an organization’s mission and goals being tied to the performance management plan. There are two prerequisites that Aguinis (2013) lists before a performance management system can be implemented: knowledge of the strategicRead MoreIs Performance Management Necessarily Useful Today? Discuss.1059 Words   |  5 Pagesperformance management necessarily useful today? Discuss. Performance management refers to a process by which managers monitor, rate and reward an employee for their work and contributions towards the achievement of organizational goals. The assessment of an employee s contribution usually plays a major role in promoting individual accountability. This ensures maximum contribution of the employee. Performance management therefore forms an integral part of a business organization mainly becauseRead MoreDescription Of A Logistics Management Specialist Job Description Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesWriting job descriptions can be over whelming, challenging and confusing however, Human Resource Management Specialist have expertise to assist hiring managers with job analysis which creates the foundation for job descriptions. Youssef (2015) noted, â€Å"Job descriptions identify characteristics of the job to be performed in terms of the tasks, duties, and responsibilities and serve as a benchmark for many human resource matters such as compensa tion, performance evaluations, training needs assessmentsRead MoreHuman Resource Management982 Words   |  4 Pages225/115 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT NUMBER : ONE QUESTION : Discuss the following approaches to human resource management. i. Mechanist approach ii. Paternalistic approach iii. Systems approach NAME : ELIAS CHIUTSI STUDENT NUMBER : 201220152 DUE DATE : 29TH NOVEMBER, 2012 LECTURE : MR. MANGOLWA The mechanistic approach to human resourcesRead MoreTrends in the Workplace1146 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Running head: Trends in the Workplace Trends in the Workplace Assignment 1 HRM-500 Human Resources Management Foundations March 10, 2014 Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a production planning and inventory control system used to manage the manufacturing process. Most MRP systems are software-based. However, it is possible to conduct MRP by hand as well. The intent of a MRP system is to simultaneously meet three objectives; (1) Ensure materials are available for production andRead MoreSample Resume : Training And Human Resource Management1638 Words   |  7 Pagesmandarin and Cantonese. IELTS grade: Reading: 7, Listening: 7.5, Writing: 7.5 Speaking: 8 Career Objective To obtain a challenging human resources consultant position including recruitment, training and human resource management services which will positively affect organization development. Career profile Over 3 years experience of human resources and payroll manager, progressive experience in employee recruitment, employee development/ training, mediation, and payroll administrationRead MoreThe Human Resource Management ( Hrm )1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human Resource Management (HRM) plays a vital role in the workplace for employees and employer. Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used efficiently and in alignment with an organization s goals. Every company has its strategic plan; it includes the administration s long- and short-term goals, and it also includes the procedures for deciding how to allocate organizational resources to achieve these objectives. According to our

Radiation Exposure free essay sample

Radiation Exposure Do you know much radiation you are exposed to everyday? Many people are not aware of the radiation levels around them on a daily basis. I believe that exposure to radiation should be minimal. I think protection and prevention is vital. Being aware of the health risks and what can be done to protect yourself should be a well known piece of knowledge. If followed, this knowledge can help reduce radiation exposure levels. Exposure to radiation is higher today than it has ever been before according to Alice Park. Radiation is around you constantly, every day. Radiation has a greater resence when an individual flies on an airplane, smokes cigarettes, receives x-rays, watches television, and uses the microwave. Although not all radiation exposure can be controlled, radiation from x-rays can be kept at a minimum. Radiologic technologists are very careful about how much radiation that the patient has absorbed and what kind of radiation they are exposed to. We will write a custom essay sample on Radiation Exposure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gamma ray radiation is the most powerful and damaging of all the radiation particles. Alpha and Beta particles are much weaker and not as harmful. Take for example the Computed Tomography Scan (C. T. scan). A C. T. scan emits gamma rays in large doses. The amount of adiation that an individual is exposed to can be compared to 400 dental x-rays or five-one hour flights. Gamma ray radiation is not what you would want to be openly exposed to. Gamma rays can cause damage over time. I believe protection and prevention of radiation exposure should be a top priority. A commonly asked question about radiation exposure deals with the health risks. Are there any health risks? Take for example aspirin. There are risks for taking aspirin if you take too much. Likewise, radiation when given out in large doses increases health risks. One type of radiation called ionizing radiation can change the structure f the cells in your body according to the Health Physics Society. By changing the structure of the cells in the body, changes in the tissue can occur. This can lead to your cells not being able to reproduce themselves or the cells can start to produce too much. The main structure found in the cell that can be damaged by radiation exposure is the DNA. This structure is one of the most important because it contains our genetic makeup. DNA has the ability to repair minor damage. If DNA is repeatedly damaged by being exposed to radiation, the cell will die. This may seem to be of no importance if a few cells are killed by radiation. However, if these damaged cells are in the vital organs that keep us alive, that organ might not function properly. Of course the effects of radiation exposure are different for each individual. These effects depend on the type of radiation, how you are exposed to it, and our own genetic makeup. Still, a more important question arises due to radiation exposure. Who are at risk for being exposed to radiation? As a general fact cells and tissues that are developing are more affected when radiation interacts with them. The Health Physics Society explains that children are more sensitive to radiation than adults because theyre still n a growing stage. The developing stage is crucial. If you add radiation to this other words, the cells will not do their Jobs. Protection for children from excessive amounts of radiation exposure really became more important to me. No parent wants any child to suffer the harmful effects of radiation exposure. Adults also can have similar effects on themselves if theyre not careful. Protection from radiation from a machine is the best thing to do for children so they wont be harmed. With all the unavoidable radiation and particles around us, what can be done to protect ourselves from exposure? According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there are three basic radiation protection concepts. First, how much time are we being exposed to radiation? Radiation exposure increases as more time is spent near the source of radiation. So, the less time you are exposed the better off you will be. Second, how much distance from the radiation source should there be? The farther away an individual is from the source of radiation, the less they are exposed to it. Distance depends on the size and activity of the radiation being administered. For example, gamma rays travel long distances, while alpha and beta particles dont ravel very far. So, the greater the distance, the less radiation you will be exposed to. Finally, shielding is the last protection concept. Shielding is having something that will absorb radiation between you and the particles or rays of radiation. The amount of shielding depends on the kind of radiation that you are exposed to. For example, an individual who receives gamma ray radiation requires thick, dense shielding such as lead. The higher the gamma ray that one is being exposed to, the thicker the lead protective wear must be. Alpha particles are very weak, but still require some protection. In this case only a thin piece of material, like paper or light clothing is necessary. Beta particles are a little stronger than alpha particles. Beta particles require thicker protection, like heavy clothing. The heavy clothing protects the skin from possibly being burned. Knowing what kind of radiation an individual will be exposed to ahead of time can help to protect oneself against radiation exposure. Most people with common sense would argue several factors against radiation exposure. One of the counter arguments would be what are the levels of radiation people are exposed to on a daily basis. Most people would say that the average amount of radiation exposure is minimal and would not require protection. Over time this builds up and that we could prevent a lot of the exposure we take in. Other people may say that because of minimal exposure we do not protection, but knowing the risks of exposure can help lead to prevention. Another point that can be argued is that most people may already know the risks of radiation and are attempting to limit or prevent radiation exposure. Exposure to radiation happens on a daily basis. By taking the proper steps one can insure that exposure to radiation stays at a minimum. I believe that minimal exposure to radiation is the way to go.

Jacksonian Democracy Essays - Political Philosophy, Elections

Jacksonian Democracy Equality in Democracy The United States of America was founded by its people, for its people in the pursuit of life, liberty and happiness, by attempting to provide freedom and equality. The way of life back when the government set down its foundation was quite different than it is now. Some things were just considered natural law and were left out of law making and the Constitution because they were morally accepted as right and wrong. For instance, I highly doubt that the government would have allowed Nazi party privileges to exist under freedom of speech. The idea of My rights end where yours begin states that an individual has freedom until the freedom interferes with the rights given to another. To create and maintain a quality form of government, one where privileges are not abused and equality is taken seriously, we must decide how large a role we want the government to play in the maintaining of morals and natural law. The use of all nine roles of government is needed to maximize the quality of democracy because it promotes the equality of each individual. (Godwin&Wahlke 15-30) The four minimal roles of the government (protection and order, collective goods and dilemmas, negative externalities and rights and duties) are generally accepted as a basis of what a government should provide its people. The government must protect the safety of its people and protect itself from internal revolutions and external invasions. Also, it attempts to improve the general welfare of its people by resolving collective dilemmas, minimizing negative externalities and providing collective goods wherever possible. To do this, the government must specify and enforce the rights and duties of its people. The four roles are obviously needed for control and order within a society and prove to be beneficial to everyone. (Godwin&Wahlke 23) From there, the government should apply the five additional roles of government. The five roles are: social justice, economic intervention in the economy, government as a moral force and political socialization. The application of these roles is necessary to the quality of democracy because they attempt to increase social justice, improve economic efficiency, encourage morality and socialize citizens to accept obligations appropriate to their roles in the existing society.(Godwin&Wahlke 23) By attempting to accomplish these goals, things like discrimination, public opinion and self-interest are discouraged by the promotion of a common morality. Government as a moral force, in a way, works with social justice in that it sets the foundation of which social justice attempts to achieve. Standards, set by the people and implied by the government, should promote and be built around natural law. Locke's theory of natural law produces natural rights,'' providing the right to life, liberty, property, and equality before the law. (Godwin&Wahlke 48) These rights encourage an equal chance in life for freedom and property/wealth. To protect society and individuals from discrimination by preserving equal rights, social justice attempts to provide an enjoyable life and an opportunity for equality, whether it be social or economic. This role of the government is needed to provide a gateway for the less fortunate and struggling people of America to have an equal chance of success and happiness in life. In contrast to the Gospel of Wealth which William Henley states, I am the master of my own fate; I am the captain of my own soul, (Bizzell&Herzberg 415) Rawls believes that Institutions should be created to keep people from falling below a minimal threshold of well-being. No one should be so disadvantaged that they cannot maintain their self-respect and defend their interests against people of much greater wealth or power. (Godwin&Wahlke 63-64) Social justice is essential to the quality of democracy because, without it, society would allow selfishness, public opinion, and personal interest to rule, condemning the less fortunate to their status and not honoring their rights to and equal chance of life, liberty, and happiness. Through the ideals stated in social justice, economic efficiency attempts to provide positive goods or services to all of society at minimal cost. The basic idea behind it is to put as little effort or money into something that provides the greatest amount of goods possible. As an example, the public school system, paid by the taxes of the public, provides an education for anyone in the community for free. The public pays little individually to provide anyone an opportunity for an

Native American Spiritualism

Native American Spiritualism By definition, Spiritualism can be defined as a belief in the possibility of a way of communication between human beings and the spirits of the living dead and the mechanisms through which this is achieved in practice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Spiritualism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its doctrine, Spiritualism argues that all that is within the universe can not only exhibit the material characteristics but also exhibit other properties far much beyond the natural human understanding, otherwise known as metaphysics. As such, it is the exact opposite of Materialism, which explains the occurrence, and properties of matter as found in the theories of physical sciences. In addition, it can be thought of as a belief that what exists is either a spirit or soul. An important distinguishing feature of spiritualism as a kind of religion is that here the spirits of the living dead can be communica ted to and a medium exists that can convey to the living the information concerning life after death. Various spiritualists have different belief but there exists beliefs that are common to all. They all believe in the existence of God and that the soul continues to exist in the world of the living dead, that every one will carry his own cross and that even after death the soul can change. Having come out of Christian religion and being a religion kind of, Spiritualism has some relationships with those other religions namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Spiritism, and other indigenous religions but receive strong opposition from religions like Judaism. Both Christians and spiritualists believe in the existence of God, death of Jesus Christ on the cross as well as conducting church services on Sundays. However, spiritualists believe that the death of Jesus on the cross was not to save humankind as per the Christians and that every soul shall be individually responsible for the deed s or sins committed. They also believe that even after death one can still change and that there is no particular hell or heaven but a series of such depending on the performance of the individuals. Both Islam and Spiritualism share the concept of spirits existing between man and God. Hindus, who believe that if one dies before the right time then the spirit hangs around in form of a ghost until the right time of his death after which he is reincarnated, share the same concept of existence of soul after death. However, Judaism differs with the spiritualists and argues that God forbids any form of worship connected to the spirits and that such people shall be permanently cut off from His people.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the native America, there exists various religious cultures among them Christianity, and Islam, alongside many others. One important and in teresting effect off having a wide diversity in religious culture in the Native America is the impact of such beliefs and culture on the way people relate with one another. The coming of the European missionaries into America back to the 16th century and the sticking of the Native Americans to their traditions blended to give rise to other religions that are partly traditional and partly Christian. Native American attached a lot of value to their tradition and culture more so in an attempt resist the oppression of Europeans who conquered their land. There was also the desire to have one common Indian religion. (Neuser 23) In fact, the whole concept of religion changed meaning to Native Americans and to them it simply denoted Christianity. Therefore, the love for this Indian religion led to emergence of spiritualist religion. One of these people who are closely attached to this religion is an Indian known as Don Juan Matus who had various teaching on the understanding of mankind and the universe in general. His teachings have since been written by different authors some of whom had personal interviews with him. Juan was mystical and always had strong belief in signs coming to him from an unnatural source. Specifically, Juan believed that the universe consists of two worlds namely: tonal: the world of material and the first in hierarchy and naugal, the non-material world (Antonov 5). He said that communication in the world of materials was through the senses of our physical body, which he referred to as first-attention. However, to be able to sense anything in the second world one is required to develop a second-attention, which he termed as clairvoyance. There was also the third-attention through which one would communicate to God and his signs. Before and during the times of Don Juan, the concept God was taken to be a universal Eagle that was the sole controller of the universe. The Eagle fed on the souls of human beings leaving the body and that was the caus e of death.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Spiritualism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, it would allow the soul of one to move on to the next stage if the person had gained the required power during their lifetime. This belief was frightening and Juan had to come out strongly to oppose it. He argued that approaching God only required one to manifest love, just as the teachings of most other religions. Spiritualism was also characterized by other beliefs like those that were referred to as The Sacred Tree. This Sacred Tree had a lot of symbolic meaning and thus had a variety of functions. This holy place was believed to be the dwelling place of the Supreme Being. According to Bopp, the Sacred Tree was a symbol that had a great importance to the traditionalists as it represented life, cycle of time, the earth, and the universe (20). In the ordinary context, the shade of a tree can provide pr otection from strong heat or rainfall. Similarly, the Sacred Tree is believed to be a source of protection. The Sacred Tree connotes a place where people come together for certain purposes; it can also be thought of as a â€Å"womb that gives birth to our values and potentiality as human beings† (Bopp 22). Besides, the fruits of the sacred Tree can be view in the perspective of the food needed for human growth; that is it represents the â€Å"nurturing that human beings receive in interacting with other human, physical, and spiritual environment† (Bopp 22). Finally, the leaves of the Sacred Tree are a representation of man; ordinarily, the leaves fall off a tree to the ground to form manure, which later helps other trees to come up, a phenomenon that depicts people who pass the teaching to the generation that will succeed them. The need to explain the origin of mankind, the concept God and Life after death that led to the emergence of such beliefs and doctrines as seen in Spiritualism is still a point of concern to many philosophers and other scholars to date and will continue giving birth to more religions Antonov, Vladimir. Native American Spirituality: Path of Heart (Don Juan Matus, Eagle and Others). Ontario: CreateSpace. 2008. Bopp, Judie. The Sacred Tree. WI: Lotus Press. 1984.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Neuser, Jacob. World Religions in America: An Introduction. Fourth Edition. Westminister: John Knox Press. 2009.

Shakespeare Family

Shakespeare Family Who was William Shakespeare’s immediate family? Did he have children? Are there direct descendants around today? William led two very different lives. There was his home, family life in Stratford-upon-Avon; and there was his professional life in London. Other than one account from a town clerk in 1616 that Shakespeare was in London with his son-in-law, John Hall, there is no evidence that his family had much to do with London. All of his property was in Stratford, including a large family home called New Place. When purchased in 1597, it was the biggest house in the town! Shakespeares Parents: Father: John ShakespeareMother: Mary Arden There is no exact record of when John and Mary married, but it is estimated to be in about 1557. The family business evolved over time, but it is widely recognised that John was a glove maker and leather maker.   John was very active in Stratford-upon-Avon’s civic duties and in 1567 he became mayor of the town (or High Bailiff, as he would have been titled then). Whilst there are no records, it is presumed that John’s high civic standing would have enabled the young William to study at the local grammar school. Shakespeares Siblings: Brother: Gilbert Shakespeare (born in 1566)Sister: Joan Shakespeare (born in 1569)Sister:  Anne Shakespeare (born in 1571)Brother:  Richard Shakespeare (born in 1574)Brother:  Edmund Shakespeare (born in 1580) Infant mortality was common in Elizabethan England, and John and Mary lost two children before William was born. The siblings above lived until they were adults, with the exception of Anne who died at the age of eight. Shakespeares Wife: Wife: Anne Hathaway When he was just 18 years old, William married 27-year-old Anne Hathaway in a shotgun wedding. Anne was the daughter of a farming family in the nearby village of Shottery. She fell pregnant with their first child outside of wedlock and the couple had to obtain special permission from the Bishop to marry. There is no surviving wedding certificate. Shakespeares Children: Daughter: Susanna Shakespeare (born in 1583)Daughter:  Judith Shakespeare – Twin (born in 1585)Son: Hamnet Shakespeare – Twin (born in 1585) The child conceived out of wedlock to William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway was daughter named Susanna. A few years later, they had twins. However, in the summer of 1596, Hamnet died, aged 11. It is thought that William was grief stricken and his experience can be read in his characterisation of Hamlet, written not long after. Susanna married John Hall in 1607; Judith married Thomas Quiney in 1616.Shakespeares Grandchildren: Elizabeth Hall (born in 1608)Shakespeare Quiney (born in 1616)Richard Quiney (born in 1618)Thomas Quiney (born in 1620) William had only one grandchild from his eldest daughter, Susanna. Elizabeth married Thomas Nash in 1626, and later remarried to John Bernard in 1649. From William’s youngest daughter, Judith, there were three grandsons. The eldest was named Shakespeare because the family name had been lost when Judith married, but he died in infancy. Shakespeares Grandparents Grandfather: Richard ShakespeareGrandfather: Robert Arden Above William’s parents in the family tree, information becomes a little sparse. We can’t be sure of the names of William’s grandmothers because the â€Å"men of the house† would have taken control of legal affairs, and so only their names will have appeared on historical documents. We know that the Arden’s were wealthy fathers and the Shakespeare family held civic responsibilities in the town. It is likely that this combined power was what enabled them to obtain special permission from the Bishop for their children to marry to stop the baby being born out of wedlock; this would have brought shame on their family and their reputation at the time. Shakespeares Living Descendants: Wouldn’t it be great to discover that you are a descendant of the Bard? Well, technically, it is possible. The direct bloodline ends with William’s grandchildren who either did not marry, or did not have children to continue the line. You have to look further up the family tree to William’s sister, Joan. Joan married William Hart and had four children. This line continued and there are many of Joan’s descendants alive today. Could you be related to William Shakespeare?

Psychology of Language - The Differences between Boys and Girls in Essay

Psychology of Language - The Differences between Boys and Girls in Language Development - Essay Example Their natural born, biological attributes may more important to their acquisition of language than the way they are nurtured. Chomsky believes that children have an innate ability to learn language and that this ability only needs to be triggered by verbal input from their environment. (Chomsky, 1972) Two other prevalent theories on language development in children are Piaget’s idea of cognitive constructivism and Vygotsky’s concept of social constructivism and language. Piaget suggests that language is simply one of the ways children represent the world with which they are familiar. It reflects but does not contribute to the development of thinking. Piaget believed that cognitive development precedes the development of language. (1955) Vygotsky believed that language impacts such that language is a form of social communication that gradually promotes both language itself and cognition. (1978, 1985) In general, these theories recognize that children are co-constructors in their world and that their development of language is a part of their holistic development that emerges from their cognitive, social and emotional interactions. We are now well aware that male and female brains are different. Anatomical and chemical differences begin early in development due to genetic and hormonal events and continue throughout life, but understanding these differences is difficult. We recognize the importance of considering sex differences when designing and interpreting studies, but our understanding of the differences is so unclear that interpreting the results is full of pitfalls. (Becker, J. B. et al. 2005) This is equally as true in studies of gender differences in language acquisition as elsewhere. Although much of the work on gender differences in language acquisition is speculative, some information is known. We realize that there are differences between

Qualitative and Quantitative Considerations in Examination of War Essay

Qualitative and Quantitative Considerations in Examination of War - Essay Example According to Clausewitz war is the continuation of politics by other means. War is the mobilization of national power to achieve political objectives, which have been translated into strategic military objectives, by mixing the material factors of economic capacity, technological capacity, transportation, etc., and immaterial factors like national will, will of the ruler and resilience ( Note: Considerations for the Study of War 2010). The military strategic policy of the state will explain how the task is to be accomplished. Every state will go to war with a strategic policy which may be written or may be an ambition of the ruler. So, the aim of war is the most important qualitative consideration. The aim of war can also be limited or unlimited. War has a dual nature, according to Clausewitz. One is the objective reality and the other is the subjective reality. The objective nature of war refers to the common things in war, i.e. violence, fear, danger, fortune, etc.

Spinster and Women Role Essay Example for Free

Spinster and Women Role Essay PART A: Introduction According to the latest statistics reported by the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong, the population of single women has been on the rise over the past two decades. The population of women aged 30-39 who have never married has risen from 51,000 people in 1986, to 180,600 in 2009. In recent years, people in Mainland China and Hong Kong started to use the term â€Å" † to describe any woman who remains unmarried beyond the conventional age for marriage. In western culture, words like â€Å"Spinster† and â€Å"Old maid† indicate an older, childless woman who is unwilling and unable to marry. Undoubtedly, traditional Chinese culture has cultivated generations of women who believed that their ultimate and most important role in society was to get married and have children. If a woman cannot achieve those goals, she would be considered eccentric or unfulfilled. The objective of my term project is to change general perceptions of unmarried women. I do believe that there is a wider range of acceptable and alternative lifestyle choices for women, such as living together with a lover without being married, and marrying at an older age. Hence, I produced a short film, and entitled it â€Å"A Love Warrior†. The Choice of Character The character in my short film is Ada, a typical businesswoman who is confident, strong, outspoken and attractive. She represents a large group of modern women in our society. After graduating from Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, Ada was awarded with two additional master degrees with recognized qualifications in Hong Kong. Although she is in her early-thirties, she works as a senior marketing manager in a German-based sports apparel manufacturer. With a highly educated background, it is obvious that Ada sees herself as a career-focused woman. But like other women, she also enjoys love life. In her most recent long-term relationship, she found out that her boyfriend cheated on her with a younger girl, therefore she made up her mind and ended this eight-year old relationship. After this painful experience, she became very optimistic and joked that she should be calling herself a â€Å" † and sees the world differently, there are many other good men available. Nevertheless, she is still seeking her Mr. Right and asserted her belief of true love and settled down. The Spinster Stereotype According with the Circuit of Culture (du Gay et al. 1997), culture is described as the production and circulation of meaning. On the whole, there are five stations: Representation, Identity, Production, Consumption and Regulation which are connected to each other providing a synergistic impact. Even fluctuation in one station would affect all other elements. Meaning comes from representations from language, photography, painting and ot her media, which uses â€Å"signs and symbols to represent or re-represent whatever exists in the world in term of a meaning concept, image or idea. † (du Gay et al. , 1997). Identity refers to how meaning is constructed or made and internalized by individual person or cultural group when confronted with a text (du Gay et al. ,1997). Production refers to the effort that an entity, for example, an individual, culture or industry goes about representing itself or products to others. Nowadays, meaning is also produced in a variety of different media. The modern mass media in a global scale circulate meanings between different cultures on a scale and with a speed. Consumption denotes that meaning is produced whenever people make use of appropriate cultural stuff to express themselves in. Regulation indicates that meanings help to set the norms, rules and conventions by which social life is ordered and governed. In other words, it is accepted as appropriate if the observed behaviour is pleasing to the individual or group. As long as the behaviour makes one uncomfortable, it becomes inappropriate. The approval or disapproval of texts may be in the hands of individual or groups within a cultural setting. During the early nineteenth century, unmarried women earned a living by spinning cloth at home. It was really the thankless work. The term â€Å"Spinsters† originally identified those women. Nevertheless, people used to associate middle-aged and unmarried women with â€Å"Spinsters†. That was definitely a symbolic representation, and became a social stigma attached to their status.. Feminist reject the stereotype of spinster. They point out that the term â€Å"Bachelor† which is used to label unmarried man, did not have the same negative implication as that of â€Å"Spinster†. Moreover, words like â€Å"Spinster† and â€Å"Old maid† pertain to the sexual as well as marital state of a woman (Schur, 1983). A bachelor could have several partners, yet it would be immoral for a spinster to do the same. People mostly implies that a bachelor is young, energetic, virile and available while a spinster eventually ages to a point where she becomes infertile and never bear children. Obviously, these terms for labeling unmarried man and woman respectively did not parallel in meaning. There are several psychological characteristics associated with the spinster stereotype: abnormal, unfulfilled and pitiful. In the traditional sense, spinsters were viewed as abnormal because they did not have children. Since spinsters would not have husband and children, they were alone in life which were viewed as unfulfilled by traditional definition. Also, people took pity on the lonesome spinsters who could not have true meaning in life without a husband and children. The Contemporary Image of Single Women In my short film, Ada represents a fashionable and cheerful lady although she is unmarried. She is dressed in trendy and sexy clothes, and has her hair bobbed. She looks chic and posh. She is confident to speak what she wants to express. She admits that she is eager to seek for her Mr. Right through online dating websites and marriage agency. During the photo shoot, she struck a posed on the Jacuzzi in the bathroom, and she drank the red wine in an Italian restaurant. These images convey the message that she knows how to enjoy her life and make herself happy, and defy conventional stereotype of unmarried women. Conclusion After completing this project, I think short film production is similar to photovoice. These creative approaches enable people, especially the stereotype group, to identify, define and enhance their community based on their own specific concern and priorities. Furthermore, I believe that in order to minimize the stereotypes for unmarried women in our society, cultural changes and breakthrough must be made. The struggle for these women to become a respected part of the society has been carrying on for centuries. Today, most single women have become sensible and smart on selecting the other half through wide opportunity for dating. (Word Count : 1103) PART B: There are 4 suggestions for improving my work. Firstly, I believe that the target audience of this project is unmarried women sharing a similar background with Ada. Hence, for the representation, I would have Ada encourages these women to follow her attitude towards life, being independent, assuming their femininity, breaking free from conventions and showing confidence with strength in both their career and personal lives. Secondly, having a strong female character as the main focus, the male audiences may feel offended by the tonality. Therefore I would have included various scenes in which Ada shows her femininity side in a traditional way, such as baking cupcakes or planting lavender. In order to seek acceptance from the male audiences, it is necessary to slightly tune down the independent and strong characters of single women. Thirdly, music can be use as a medium to express our feelings. The background music I chose for the short film is in English. The powerful lyrics of these songs illustrate the modern women’s attitudes towards their lives, and they are perfect to show Ada’s point of views, also to add more excitement for the audiences. However, due to language barrier, some audiences may not be familiar with these songs and not easy to be associated with.

Abduction and Computer Game Design :: Technology Doom Myst Essays

Abduction and Computer Game Design Introduction In this paper, I will look at the process of abductive reasoning and show the implications of this concept as it applies to computer game design. While my comments will relate to most computer games, I will specifically discuss two games: Doom, which is produced by the Id software company, and Myst, which is produced by Broderbund software. Doom First, a little information about the game Doom. The first version of Doom was released as shareware (free demonstration software) in 1993, and its successors have included Doom II, Ultimate Doom and other variations. It has also inspired many similar games from other companies. Estimates put the number of players of this multiple-computer-platform software program at 10 million worldwide. One of the developers of Doom once boasted, "In 1994, we fully expect to be the number one cause of decreased productivity in businesses around the world. â€Å" What characteristics have led Doom and its many imitators to such success? I would argue that the most important reason is that game puts the player in an immersive environment. There is a compelling sense of â€Å"virtual reality† (to use a term that is more a cliche than any real description) in Doom. The action of the game is presented from a first-person point of view; that is, what you see on the computer screen is approximately what the character you are playing would see. Your character is invisible, just as you cannot see yourself but in a mirror; however, the weapon the character is holding is visible in the lower center of the screen. This technique of first-person presentation (fig. 1) serves to involve the player in the game action more directly than a third-person, overhead view might, and it makes for a more 'realistic' presentation of the "3D" action. As the player moves from room to room, lights flicker and fade and sounds get louder or softer. Doom has a frame (or image) rate greater than that of film or television, which has been shown to create an effect of heightened 'reality.' Players have been observed exhibiting physical responses to the game's action: ducking and leaping back from the screen, and trying to peer 'around' the walls displayed on the monitor. Doom can be played by a single person alone, by two people over a modem, or by up to four connected to a computer network, and these networked players can either cooperate or compete against each other.

Nucor Case

NUCOR MEMORANDUM To: F. Kenneth Iverson and Management Team of Nucor Corporation CC: AGSM Faculty Teams Subject: Investment Decision Date: 04/22/2009 From: 1713898 The Situation In 1986, flat sheet segment contained 52% of US total steel market1. Nucor Corporation, which is a steel minimill well-known for its leadership, efficient operation and well-structured compensation, is showing the interest in the flat sheet segment. At the same time, there are many new thin-slab casting technologies to help minimills enter the new market quickly and cost-efficiently. One of them is from German firm, SMS Schloemann-Siemag, who has consistently introduced its unique technology, Compact Strip Production (CSP), to Nucor. As the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Nucor, F. Kenneth Iverson has to make a decision on whether Nucor should go for CSP plant developed by SMS. The Issue The most salient issue than concerns Nucor and its management team right now is – What is the best strategy for Nucor to target the flat sheet segment? Alternatives 1. Go for CSP plant: Obviously, the most important reason for Nucor to buy CSP technology is that Nucor could take advantage of the huge opportunity of entering flat-sheet market. As the pioneer of CSP application, Nucor would have 2 to 3 years head start to utilize its technology advantage in order to secure a desired market share. Consequently, CSP will help Nucor to achieve its long-term vision: to target the high end of flat-sheet market. The competition of the low end of flatsheet market is increasing due to the interest of many minimills and the low price products of overseas competitors. Aiming at the high end segment is a wise strategy because the high end segment is expected to bring more profits and help Nucor to grow consistently in future. 1 Exhibit 2 – Steel Mill Product Segments: 1986, page 15 of the case 1 However, going for CSP plant option exposes many disadvantages as well. First of all, without expertise in flat-sheet products, Nucor will be not in a good position to compete fairly to expert players. Subsequently, Nucor will face difficulties in new plant operation and possibly be outpaced by integrated mills adopting CSP. Secondly, the resource constraints will not favor CSP. Sharing resources between CSP and the joint venture with Yamato Kogyo might bring in a risk of not enough capital or even worse, bankruptcy. Last but not least, uncertainty of technology is another major concern. The possibility of new plant’s obsoleteness is there and Nucor clearly does not want to pay a huge sunk cost just because it is the pioneer. 2. Not to go for CSP plant: By not going for CSP, Nucor can apply wait-and-see strategy. It allows Nucor more time to watchfully define the target market and wait for a matured and proven thin-slab casting technology. By that, Nucor will be able to avoid a huge sunk cost. Next, Nucor could utilize the resource on the joint venture with Yamato Kogyo. Hence, the risk of capital shortness will be eliminated. In the other hand, Nucor will let go a significant opportunity to capture some shares of flat-sheet market. It might not affect Nucor in short-term. However, in the long-term, assuming many steel producers adopting successfully CSP or other thin-slab casting technologies, Nucor will be pushed to a bad position to compete over. Also, it will take even more time and resource for Nucor to catch up. Recommendation The first alternative is strongly recommended because of the following three reasons. First, even though money is an issue, it is not a big issue for Nucor. With $185 million in cash and short-term securities on hand together with the ability to issue corporate longterm bond2, Nucor is completed able to fund CSP with a strict financial management. Secondly, CSP project is showing a good cashflow even in the case of CSP’s obsoleteness. Assuming that new CSP plant is operating at 100% capacity or 1 million ton per year, Nucor will get hold of 2. 76% of flat sheet market3, which is reasonable. From a simple projection4, new CSP plant is showing a positive cashflow with NPV = $141. 55 mil, IRR = 19%, and payback period = 4. 34 years. Thirdly, the argument that Nucor should not go to flat-sheet market because of its lacking experience is not convincing. Unless Nucor does not want to enter flat-sheet market, the earlier Nucor enter flat-sheet market, the faster it will learn and the better it will sustain in future. Second-last paragraph, page 14 of the case Appendix 3 4 Appendix 4 2 3 2 Appendices 1. SWOT analysis Strengths Leadership Efficient operation Well-structured compensation Culture Weakness Resource constraint No experience in flat sheet product Opportunities Enter flat sheet market Pioneer in thin-slab casting technology Threats Uncertainty about technology Competition, possibly be outpaced by integrated mills adopting CSP . Porter five forces analysis5 The threat of substitute products – buyer propensity to substitute – relative price performance of substitutes – buyer switching costs – perceived level of product differentiation The threat of the entry of new competitors – Existence of barriers to entry (patents, right, etc. ) – economies of product differences – brand equi ty – switching cost or sunk cost – capital requirements – access to distribution – absolute cost advantages – learning curve advantages – expected retaliation by incumbents – government policies The intensity of competitive rivalry 5 MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM HIGH MODERATELY HIGH LOW LOW http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Porter_5_forces_analysis 3 numbers of competitors rate of industry growth intermittent industry overcapacity exit barriers diversity of competitors informational complexity and asymmetry – fixed cost allocation per value added – level of advertising expense – Economies of scale – sustainable competitive advantage through improvisation The bargaining power of customers – buyer concentration to firm concentration ratio – degree of dependency upon existing channels of istribution – bargaining leverage – buyer volume – buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs – buyer information availability – ability to backward integrate – availability of existing substitute products – buyer price sensitivity – differential advantage (uniqueness) of industry prod ucts – RFM (Regency + Frequency + Monetary Value) analysis The bargaining power of suppliers – supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs – degree of differentiation of inputs – presence of substitute inputs – supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio – employee solidarity (e. . labor unions) – threat of forward integration by suppliers relative to the threat of backward integration by firms – cost of inputs relative to selling price of the product – MEDIUM MEDIUM – HIGH MEDIUM LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM – MEDIUM 4 3. Estimation of market share of a full capacity CSP plant Total flat sheet segment 36. 6 CSP full capacity 17 Market share of Nucor's CSP plant with 100% capacity 2. 76% Unit: millions of ton 4. CSP plant’s cash flow with assumption: discount rate = 10%, constant cashflow Cashflow per year Total Cost per ton8 8 Revenues per ton Profit per ton Shipment (millions of ton)7 Total Profit per year Hot-rolled (HR) 225 306. 5 81. 5 0. 5 40,750,000. 00 Cold-rolled (CR) 283 390. 5 107. 5 0. 35 37,625,000. 00 Both HR & CR 78,375,000. 00 Cashflow in 10-year opportunity window Discount rate Year Cashflow 10% 0 -340 Unit 1 78. 37 2 78. 37 3 78. 37 4 78. 37 5 78. 37 6 78. 37 7 78. 37 8 78. 37 9 78. 37 $ mil 10 78. 37 NPV IRR Payback period 141. 55 19% 4. 34 $ mil year 6 Exhibit 2 – Steel Mill Product Segments: 1986, page 15 of the case Exhibit 12A – Construction Costs for Flat-Rolled Product Plants: 1986, page 22 of the case 8 Exhibit 12B – Comparative Operating Data for Flat-Rolled Product Plants: 1986, page 22 of the case 7 5 Nucor Case NUCOR CASE In this analysis we use the Net present value to consider if Nucor should invest in the new technology called: thin slab minimill. NPV is really useful in order to make this kind of decision because it uses the concept of future cash value to evaluate whether the investment is worth, however the NPV is sometimes difficult to calculate because it is not always easy to estimate future cash flow.Considering the assumption I made in the first part of the spread sheet, the thin slab project doesn’t appear to be a wise investment for Nucor because the future cash flows at the present value are less than the initial cost of the investment. Comparing the NPV of the three different scenarios it is evident that the best option for Iverson is to continue whit the unmodernized process. The first consideration about to undertake the investment is based on particular assumptions about the future, if we change those the result of the decision could also change.Due to the fluctuati on of the market is difficult to make the right assumptions and this is why to calculate the NPV is not easy. For instance if we changed the discount rate and we lower it below the IRR, the resulting NPV will be positive and this case to invest in the new technology could be a profitable decision. We can also change the steel price rate keeping the cost rate constant, if it is increased enough the NPV could result positive, at the same time if we reduce cost rate keeping the price rate constant we can find an equal result.Regarding the real option analysis if Nucor decides to wait it is unlikely that another will decide to make this kind of investment first. The follow strategy could be a wise decision for Nucor, because the NPV is slightly negative so the management could decide to undertake this investment in order to gain experience and subsequently use that experience for other plants so this initial price could generate future opportunities.

Vijayawada in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh

A quadruplet is a multiplier that is lifted by four rotors. Unlike traditional helicopters, the quadruplet use 2 sets of propellers with 2 clockwise and 2 anti- clockwise. It was first designed by Louis Brute in 1907. It lifted off the ground by using four propellers In four different directions. Although It could only go up for several feet, it was a great step for the development of quadruplets. More than a decade later, in the asses, more engineers and scientists developed their own types f oratorical.Edmond Machine, a French engineer and helicopter designer, successfully designed a multiplier with four rotors that were installed at the ends of four arms. It provided a very high stability at that time and marked a record of 360 meters traveling distance. As time has passed, the quadruplet has changed into different styles and models. In asses-1 sass, the world was undergoing a very rapid economic development. There was a huge demand for transportation of Industrial materials. The quadruplet was a machine that people always prefer to use.However, due to lack improvement of the quadruplet, it was still not adopted for industrial use. In recent years, many small scale quadruplet are widely used in many ways. As there are many advanced airplanes, quadruplets are no longer under consideration as a means to transport people or commodities. Instead, they are used in different areas, like ordnance surveying, rescue support, film taking etc. Nowadays, quadruplets are always equipped with a camera. The data recorded by a quadruplet can be directly sent to a computer or saved in a storage system.During the Chuan earthquake In 2008, landslides blocked miles of country roads and properties. The rescuers could not enter the affected area. Also, airplanes could land or fly over some of these remote areas. The situation in the affected area remained unknown for the rescuers. The quadruplet help people to assess the damage quickly and more accurately in the remote areas. The ID robotics quadruplet, supported by a simple GAPS controlled through a computer, allowed the rescue teams to locate the affected areas.As the quadruplet is small in size and invulnerable, it can travel to very inaccessible places. We no longer need to rely on expensive alternatives like helicopters. Another common application of the quadruplet Is video and film taking. In the old days, if we want to take some scenes in the sky, we would probably need to use an airplane to help us. However, it is very difficult for an airplane to fly between skyscrapers and along narrow streets like In Hong Kong. Yet, but using a quadruplet can help the directors to achieve this goal.Since the quadruplet can be controlled by remote control or through computer programs, people can control their quadruplet to any direction they like. No matter whether you are standing on a cliff, or in I OFF flexibility and effectiveness of film making. The above applications are not those which are common in most pe ople's lives. Many people cannot afford to buy a quadruplet. Even if they could afford one, there are few ways that they could use it. However, in the future, we will have a chance to see hundreds of quadruplets flying over our heads.The world largest online retailer Amazon introduced a new delivery system-?Prime Air. This futuristic system allows customers to get their ordered packages into their hands within half an hour via unmanned aerial vehicles. The specially designed aerial vehicle is based on a prototype of a quadruplet. There are clamps to hold a box under the copter. The aerial vehicle is equipped with and tracked by a very precise GAPS system. It can even direct the copter outside the shopper's doorstep. In the future, the world's population will keep increasing. Land will become more crowded.Other than open up underground areas, the air space is expected to open p when we have better technology capabilities. As online shopping is growing in popularity, the Prime Air not only can boost the efficiency and economic growth, it can greatly reduce the demand for land transportation. To make Prime Air practicable, many weaknesses need to be considered and solved. What people discuss the most is safety. People will probably feel frightened and worried when they see a flying machine whizzing Just ten meters above their heads. People will also wonder whether the clamps strong enough to hold the box without dropping it.Although the copter is tracked by a very accurate GAPS system, there are many physical obstacles like trees, streetlights, advertisements and even construction sites which are not shown or frequently updated in the system. The technologies nowadays may not be capable to direct the unmanned aerial vehicles to keep away from these obstacles. This puts a restriction on sending a copter to crowded and busy areas like Hong Kong or New York. In the meantime, engineers needs to consider other problems like weather, battery life, load capacity and sec urity.A quadruplet for goods delivery use needs some kind f design to protect the electronic components inside it and this type of service would be highly susceptible to the weather conditions. If the quadruplet could only operate on dry days, the whole concept may somewhat lose it's meaning of effective delivery. What's more, there is no one guard the copter. How can we ensure it can safely and accurately fly to the destination? There are still many things need to deal with in the future to make an application like this a reality. In the future, accoutered will be more commonly used in different aspects.

The Number of Countries in the World

The Number of Countries in the World The answer to the seemingly simple geographical question of How many countries are there? is that it depends on whos doing the counting. The United Nations, for example, recognizes 241 countries and territories. The United States, however, officially recognizes fewer than 200 nations. Ultimately, the best answer is that there are 196 countries in the world. Heres why. United Nations Member States There are 193 member states in the United Nations. This total is often cited inaccurately as the actual number of countries in the world; its inaccurate because there are two other members with limited status. Both the Vatican (officially known as the Holy See), which is an independent nation, and the Palestinian Authority, which is a quasi-governmental body, have been granted permanent observer status at the United Nations. These two entities can take part in all official UN activities but cannot cast votes in the General Assembly. Likewise, some nations or regions of the world have declared their independence and are recognized by a majority of UN member states yet are not part of the United Nations. Kosovo, a region of Serbia that declared independence in 2008, is one such example.   Nations Recognized by the United States The United States officially recognizes other nations through the State Department. As of May 2018, the State Department recognized  195 independent countries around the world. This list reflects the political agenda of the United States of America and its allies. Unlike the United Nations, the United States maintains full diplomatic relations with Kosovo and the Vatican. However, one nation is missing from the State Departments list that should be on it. The Nation That Isnt The island of Taiwan, formally known as the Republic of China, meets the requirements for an independent country or state status. However, all but a handful of nations refuse to recognize Taiwan as an independent nation. The political reasons for this date back to the late 1940s, when the Republic of China was ousted from mainland China by Mao Tse Tungs communist rebels and ROC leaders fled to Taiwan. The communist Peoples Republic of China maintains that it has authority over Taiwan, and relations between the island and mainland have been strained. Taiwan was actually a member of the United Nations (and even the Security Council) until 1971 when mainland China replaced Taiwan in the organization. Taiwan, which has the worlds 29th-largest economy, continues to press for full recognition by others. But China, with its growing economic, military, and political clout, has largely been able to shape the dialogue on this issue. As a result, Taiwan cannot fly its flag at international events such as the Olympics and must be referred to as Chinese Taipei in some diplomatic situations. Territories, Colonies, and Other Non-Nations Dozens of territories and colonies are sometimes erroneously called countries but dont count because theyre governed by other countries. Places commonly confused as being countries include Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Greenland, Palestine, and Western Sahara. The components of the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and England) are  not fully independent countries, either, though they do enjoy a degree of autonomy. When dependent territories are included, the United Nations recognizes a total of 241 countries and territories.   So How Many Countries Are There? If you use the U.S. State Departments list of recognized nations and also include Taiwan, there are  196 countries in the world. The same number is reached if you count the UN voting members, its two permanent observers, and Taiwan. This is why 196 is probably the best current answer to the question.

A Close Look at the Singapore Math Method

A Close Look at the Singapore Math Method One of the harder things parents have to do when it comes to their child’s schooling is understand a new method of learning. As the Singapore Math Method gains popularity, it’s starting to be used in more schools across the nation, leaving more parents to figure out what this method is all about. A close look at the philosophy and framework of Singapore Math can make it easier to understand what’s going on in your child’s classroom. The Singapore Math Framework The framework of Singapore Math is developed around the idea that learning to problem-solve and develop mathematical thinking are the key factors in being successful in math.The framework states: â€Å"The development of mathematical problem-solving ability is dependent on five inter-related components, namely, Concepts, Skills, Processes, Attitudes, and Metacognition.†Looking at each component individually makes it easier to understand how they fit together to help children gain skills that can help them solve both abstract and real-world problems. 1. Concepts When children learn mathematical concepts, they are exploring the ideas of branches of math like numbers, geometry, algebra, statistics and probability, and data analysis. They’re not necessarily learning how to work the problems or the formulas that go with them, but rather gaining an in-depth understanding of what all of these things represent and look like.It’s important for kids to learn that all of math works together and that, for example, addition doesn’t stand by itself as an operation, it carries on and is a part of all the other math concepts as well. Concepts are reinforced using math manipulatives and other practical, concrete materials. 2. Skills Once students have a solid grasp of the concepts, it’s time to move on to learning how to work with those concepts. In other words, once the students have an understanding of the ideas, they can learn the procedures and formulas that go with them. This way the skills are anchored to the concepts, making it easier for students to understand why a procedure works.In Singapore Math, skills don’t just refer to knowing how to work something out with pencil and paper, but also knowing what tools (calculator, measurement tools,etc.) and technology can be used to help solve a problem. 3. Processes The framework explains that processes â€Å"includes reasoning, communication and connections, thinking skills and heuristics, and application and modeling.†    Mathematical reasoning is the ability to look carefully at mathematical situations in a variety of different contexts and logically apply the skills and concepts to problem-solve the situation. Communication is the ability to clearly, concisely and logically use the language of math to explain ideas and mathematical arguments. Connections is the ability to see how math concepts are related to each other, how math is related to other areas of study and how math relates to real life. Thinking skills and heuristics are the skills and techniques that can be used to solve a problem. Thinking skills include things like sequencing, classifying and identifying patterns. Heuristics are the experience-based techniques a child can use to create a representation of a problem, take an educated guess, figure out the process to work through a problem or how to reframe a problem. For example, a child may draw a chart, try to guess and check or solve parts of a problem. These are all learned techniques. Application and modelling is the ability to use what you’ve learned about how to solve problems to choose the best approaches, tools and representations for a certain situation. It’s the most complicated of the processes and takes a lot of practice for children to create math models. 4. Attitudes Children’s are what they think and feel about math. Attitudes are developed by what their experiences with learning math are like.So, a child who has fun while developing a good understanding of concepts and acquiring skills is more likely to have positive ideas about the importance of math and confidence in his ability to solve problems. 5. Metacognition Metacognition sounds really simple but is harder to develop than you might think. Basically, metacognition is the ability to think about how you are thinking.For kids, this means not only being aware of what they are thinking, but also knowing how to control what they are thinking. In math, metacognition is closely tied to being able to explaining what was done to solve it, thinking critically about how the plan works and thinking about alternative ways to approach the problem.The framework of Singapore Math is definitely complicated, but it’s also definitely well thought out and thoroughly defined. Whether you’re an advocate for the method or not so sure about it, a better understanding of the philosophy is key in helping your child with math.

Obesity in Oklahoma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity in Oklahoma - Essay Example In 2009, Oklahoma spent approximately $1,721,000 in dealing with illness related directly to obesity whereby together with overweight these cases afflict about 67.1% of the entire population. Medical studies attribute the increasing trend of obesity cases with sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits that characterize numerous Oklahomans. Therefore, this study seeks to address obesity issue currently afflicting Oklahomans and suggest appropriate approaches meant to curb it by embracing active lifestyle, healthy eating habits and public sensitization concerning the menace. If Oklahomans intends to evade high costs of both treating and managing obesity predicament, they ought to embrace active lifestyle (â€Å"INTEGRIS Health†). This is contrary to their current sedentary lifestyles resulting from overreliance on cars, trucks and buses. This is especially when commuting from one place to another irrespective of the distance, for instance, from their residential areas to work whereas students to schools. According to medical studies, inactivity is one of the major contributing factors that heightens the prevalence of obesity whereby in avoiding medical practitioners advocate regular exercises (â€Å"INTEGRIS Health†). Therefore, Oklahomans need to stop their life’s inactivity and embark on regular exercises even if it implies some to commute to their varied places through walking. This is advisable for numerous people including students whose destinations are nearby such that it is not a mandatory to use vehicles. In addition, the e lderly people including retirees ought to devise a daily routine meant for their respective exercises (â€Å"INTEGRIS Health†). This is because numerous people at this stage end up experiencing lack of exercise related illness like diabetes because most them prefer sedentary lifestyle citing it is their time to rest. Parents and teachers should also encourage their children to exercise on daily basis making them take part in

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Contract Law - Essay Example The industrial revolution was characterized by the rise of many businesses and enterprises to offer employment opportunities and consequently boost peoples’ living standards. With such an active population, it was expected that some people could make use of others’ resources and time by carrying out fraud business practices. This led to the formation of laws that sought to govern both the workers and the employers and protect them from any uncouth business practices that either could carry on the other. The law not only served the employees and employers but also observed that the business practices carried out by different business entities were legal . There are other scholars that claim that contract law came to rise as a sub-branch of civil law. History of contract law with relation to civil law is rather precise. This is from the fact that contract law is widespread from the fact that different contracts have different rules depending with the type of business acti vities to be carried out by the parties. This thus does not require a particular set law to govern it and makes it rather flexible and diverse. This is related to civil law in that civil law has core principles summed up and put into a referable structure and rules are made depending on the most appropriate system. This inspired present day contract law and thus the various developments witnessed .The Lex mercatoria is also said to have been a powerful force in the formation of contract law. The Lex mercatoria acted as a system through which merchants.... This is from the fact that contract law is widespread from the fact that different contracts have different rules depending with the type of business activities to be carried out by the parties. This thus does not require a particular set law to govern it and makes it rather flexible and diverse. This is related to civil law in that civil law has core principles summed up and put into a referable structure and rules are made depending on the most appropriate system. This inspired present day contract law and thus the various developments witnessed3. The Lex mercatoria is also said to have been a powerful force in the formation of contract law. The Lex mercatoria acted as a system through which merchants and other business people used in Europe in the medieval era to ensure that there was the upholding of healthy business practices4. As it evolved, it gained principles that leaned more towards the common law setting. This is when a set of business people and law makers convened and so ught to create a system that would support merchants of all types regardless of the types of business they carried out unlike the common law that had a particular set system. This led to the formation and rise of contract law. Shifting focus to Classical Law, it is important to understand that it is one of the oldest forms of law in existence. Classical law has its roots in Rome and thus has the synonym Roman law. The form of law receives credit as one of the oldest law systems from the fact that it comprises laws that were written in Stone tablets. Roman law has ensured that these laws are observed by the subjects it governs and amendments are rarely done on it. Classical law can relate to contract law in that the

A Ghost Story by Mark Twain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Ghost Story by Mark Twain - Essay Example The paper is aimed to discuss and to analyze A Ghost Story which is written by Mark Twain. It is a story of the interaction between the narrator and the ghost of the Cardiff Giant. The narrator is a person who rented a huge old building in Broadway which had not been occupied for a long time.While in bed, the blankets were pulled and other actions were made by the ‘ghost.’ Different paranormal images had been perceived by narrator and in the end the ghost finally shown himself. He is the ghost of the gentle Cardiff Giant. When the narrator recognized him, the atmosphere of the story completely changed and they talked about the reason for the haunting. There are two characters in the story, the narrator and the ghost. The main focus of the story is the ghost of Cardiff Giant. In the course of the story, the characteristics of the ghost changed, thus, he can be classified as a dynamic character. In the beginning of the story, the main objective of the Giant was to haunt an d get attention and justice because of the use of his remain in unjust manner. Prior to the end of the story, the conversation between the narrator and the ghost of Cardiff Giant changed his views regarding his situation. Through the information given by the narrator that the Giant’s remains were just duplicated and the real ones were in Albany, he was freed and he found no reason to continue his haunting in the said place anymore. The story has both the internal and external conflicts. The external conflict was observed in the first part of the story when the haunting of the ghost along with his friends caused fear to the narrator and to other people before him. The said conflict had been exhibited through the antagonistic treatment of the ghost to the residence of the building. The internal conflict was perceived in the latter part of the story, through the conversation between the Giant and the narrator. The internal conflict defined the main purpose of the ghost of the Ca rdiff Giant which was the feeling of tiredness of the ghost versus the need to seek help and justice for his remains. He wanted to rest for a very long time already but the need to bury his remains to a rightful place kept him haunting for a long time. The setting of the story is figuratively and literally descriptive of the characters of the story. The readers can accept the setting as strong part in the story since the basic information had been presented such as the names and the landmarks. Readers know that the story occurred in New York, near a museum and near a street with old buildings. May that be fictitious or real, it had contributed to the whole atmosphere of the story. The distinct imagery brought about by the setting inside the house. The point of view of the story was achieved through the perspective of the narration. This gave credibility to the story by being in the first person thus being a primary experience. Another effect of the point of view was the primal effec t of the story in terms of the feelings being conveyed, for example fear. The story is rich in metaphors and other figurative forms of language. One example is the description of the building which had â€Å"surrendered to dust and cobwebs, to solitude and sadness.† Other figures of speech are â€Å"locking out mould and darkness† and â€Å"cheery fire† which can be found in the first two paragraphs. Thus it meant that the whole story was enriched by these literary treasures. The author used these figures of speech in a casual and relaxed manner which can easily be related to and understood. The main idea of the story is that not everything is what it seems. The story teaches lesson of

Chromatographic Separation of Hemoglobin from Phenol Red

Chromatographic Separation of Hemoglobin from Phenol Red Syed Ibrahim Chromatographic Separation of Hemoglobin from Phenol Red by Gel Filtration Introduction From catalysis to transport, proteins take part in countless cellular processes (Nelson Cox, 2008). However, due to their small size, proteins can be challenging to work with in the lab. To overcome this hurdle, scientists have developed many fractionation techniques including centrifugation, precipitation, dialysis, and chromatography (Alberts et al., 2008). Chromatography is one of the most versatile laboratory techniques as it is used in many fields of study (Partridge, 1952; Silva et al., 2014). There are several types of chromatography, and each separates molecules based on different properties. Size-exclusion gel filtration is a type of column chromatography which resolves molecules based on their size (Duong Gabelli, 2013). In the column, there is a cross-linked polymer matrix with pores of a predetermined size (Scott, 2003). Small molecules are more likely to spend time in the pore, so they migrate slower and thus elute in later fractions (Nelson Cox, 2008). Conversely, larger molecules are less likely to enter the pore, so they migrate faster and thus elute in earlier fractions (de Jong et al., 2015). There are numerous types of column matrices, such as Sephadex G (composed of dextran and epichlorohydrin) and Sepharose (consisting of agarose) (GE, 2015). Each matrix has different sized pores and thus different ranges of molecular sizes that it can separate, called fractionation ranges (de Jong et al., 2015). In this lab, Sephadex G-25, which has a fractionation range of 1,000-5,000Da, was the column matrix (de Jong et al., 2015). Hemoglobin and phenol red were also used. Hemoglobin is a protein found primarily found in mammalian red blood cells, and is used to transport oxygen from an organism’s lungs to its tissues (Seeley, 2014). Phenol red is a chemical compound that changes color depending on the pH of the chemical environment, and so it is typically used as a pH indicator (Klein, 2012). Hemoglobin has a molecular weight of 64,500Da while phenol red has a molecular weight of 354.38Da (de Jong et al., 2015). It was expected that hemoglobin would be completely excluded from the pores of the Sephadex G-25 resin, allowing it to elute in early fractions. As well, it was expected that phenol red would be completely included in the gel, making it elute in later fractions. Purpose The goal of this lab was to separate a mixture containing hemoglobin and phenol red using size-exclusion gel filtration. As well, the aim was to compare the standard and literature wavelengths of maximum absorption of hemoglobin and phenol red. Results The results from this experiment are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Table 1. Fraction volumes from size-exclusion gel filtration using Sephadex G25. The size-exclusion gel filtration separated a mixture of hemoglobin and phenol red. In theory, fraction A contained void volume, fraction B contained hemoglobin, fraction C contained the buffer only, and fraction D contained phenol red. Table 2. Peak absorbance and wavelength of standard hemoglobin and phenol red. Using a Beckman spectrophotometer, the wavelength profile between 380nm and 600nm of two standard samples was determined. The standard hemoglobin sample contained 250ÃŽ ¼L of 0.8% hemoglobin, while the standard phenol red sample consisted of 20ÃŽ ¼L of 0.2% phenol red. Based on the graph, the maximum absorbance values and the corresponding wavelengths were determined. Questions and Research Question 1: Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: hemoglobin spectroscopy Reference: DiFeo, T. J., Addison, A. W., Stephanos, J. J. (1990). Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of haemoglobin and myoglobin from Urechis caupo. Distal residue effects. Biochem. J, 269, 739-747. Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: hemoglobin Soret band absorptivity (sorted by relevance) Reference: Akuwudike, A. R., Chikezie, P. C., Chilaka, F. C. (2010). Absorption spectra of normal adult and sickle cell haemoglobins treated with hydrogen peroxide at two pH values. Adv. Biomed. Res, 1, 55-60. Search Engine: Google Search Terms: phenol red maximum wavelength absorption Reference: LobaChemie. (2015). Phenol Red. Laboratory Reagents and Fine Chemicals. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.lobachemie.com/pH-Indicator-05180/PHENOL-RED-CASNO-143-74-8.aspx Based on the graph from Blackboard, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) are shown in Table 2. For the standard hemoglobin sample ÃŽ »max = 410nm, and for the standard phenol red sample ÃŽ »max = 560nm. Based on the literature, hemoglobin and related proteins are known to give three bands of maximum absorption: ÃŽ ±-band, ÃŽ ²-band, and Soret band (DiFeo et al., 1990). For normal adult hemoglobin (HgA), the wavelength of maximum absorbance in the Soret band is ÃŽ »max = 415nm (Akuwudike et al., 2010). The wavelengths of maximum absorbance of phenol red changes based on pH. At a pH of 8.2, phenol red has ÃŽ »max = 557-560nm while at a pH of 6, phenol red has ÃŽ »max = 430-435 (LobaChemie, 2015). This change in maximum absorbance with respect to pH is understandable because phenol red is a common pH indicator, meaning it changes color based on pH (Nelson Cox, 2008). The literature and experimental wavelengths of maximum absorbance are summarized in Table 3. The experimental and literature values were fairly close, and their variance may be accounted for due to difference in the buffer and pH of the solvent. Table 3. Literature and experimental wavelengths of maximum absorbance. The experimental wavelengths of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) were obtained from Table 2. The literature ÃŽ »max of hemoglobin (HgA) was based on Akuwudike et al (2010). The literature ÃŽ »max of phenol red at pH = 8.2 was based on LobaChemie (2015). Question 2: Based on the data collected in this experiment, it is impossible to determine whether the eluted hemoglobin is free of phenol red. To determine its purity, spectroscopy of the eluted hemoglobin (fraction B) would need to be conducted in order to draw a wavelength-vs-absorbance graph between 380nm and 600nm (similar to the one posted on Blackboard). If the eluted hemoglobin curve has only one peak (ÃŽ »max = 410-415nm), it contains only hemoglobin. However, it the curve has two peaks (ÃŽ »max = 410-415nm and ÃŽ »max = 557-5605nm), then the eluted fraction contains both hemoglobin and phenol red. Question 3: Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: size-exclusion gel filtration (sorted by relevance) Reference: Wang, Q., et al. (2005). Molecular characterisation of soybean polysaccharides: an approach by size exclusion chromatography, dynamic and static light scattering methods. Carbohydrate research, 340(17), 2637-2644. In this experiment, size-exclusion gel filtration was carried out, so hemoglobin and phenol red were separated based on size or more quantitatively based on molecular weight (Nelson Cox, 2008; Wang et al., 2005). Smaller molecules, such as phenol red, spend more time in the pores and are eluted in later fractions (Nelson Cox, 2008). Conversely, larger molecules molecules, such as hemoglobin, spend almost no time in the pores and are eluted in earlier fractions (Nelson Cox, 2008). Question 4: Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: chromatography theory (sorted by relevance) Reference: Lee, W. C., Tsai, G. J., Tsao, G. T. (1993). Analysis of chromatography by plate theory. Separations Technology, 3(4), 178-197. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: chromatography theory column length (sorted by relevance) Reference: Bedani, F., et al. (2006). A theoretical basis for parameter selection and instrument design in comprehensive size-exclusion chromatographyÃâ€" liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1133(1), 126-134. Based on the plate theory of chromatography, the resolution (R) is influenced by numerous factors including the plate number (N) (Lee et al., 1993). The plate number is affected by many elements of the column including column length and inner column radius (Bedani et al., 2006). Based on mathematical relationships, it has been determined that longer columns lead to increased resolution (Lee et al., 1993; Nelson Cox, 2008). Thus longer chromatography columns will separate molecules better than shorter columns. Question 5: In order to separate ÃŽ ²1,3-galactosidase (75,000Da) and ÃŽ ²1,2-xylosidase (MW 100,000Da) the Sephadex G-100 resin would be ideal. This is because the molecular weight of both enzymes is within the fractionation range of this resin (4,000-150,000Da) (de Jong et al., 2015). The heavier protein (ÃŽ ²1,2-xylosidase) will elute before the lighter protein (ÃŽ ²1,3-galactosidase). Question 6: The fractionation range of Sephadex G-100 is 4,000-150,000Da (de Jong et al., 2015). Alcohol dehydrogenase (MW 140,000Da) falls within this range, while aldehyde dehydrogenase (MW 200,000Da) is above the range. Since both enzymes are not on the same extreme of the fractionation range, aldehyde dehydrogenase will elute very quickly and alcohol dehydrogenase will elute shortly after. Thus, Sephadex G-100 can be used to resolve alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. However, it would be ideal to use Sephadex G-200 because the molecular weight of both enzymes would be within the fractionation range of 5,000-600,000Da (de Jong et al., 2015). Question 7: Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: â€Å"fast protein liquid chromatography† (sorted by relevance) Reference: Sheehan, D., O’Sullivan, S. (2004). Fast protein liquid chromatography. In Protein purification protocols (pp. 253-258). Humana Press. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: â€Å"fast protein liquid chromatography† (sorted by relevance) Reference: Goke, B., Keim, V. (1992). HPLC and FPLC. Recent progress in the use of automated chromatography systems for resolution of pancreatic secretory proteins. International Journal of Pancreatology, 11(2), 109-116. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: â€Å"fast protein liquid chromatography† (sorted by relevance) Reference: Lavanya, G., et al. (2011). Protein Chromatography. J Biomed Sci and Res, 3(3), 424-438. Search Engine: Google Search Terms: fast protein liquid chromatography Reference: Bio-Rad. (2015). Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. Bio-Rad Life Science Research.Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://www.bio-rad.com/en-ca/applications-technologies/fast-protein-liquid-chromatography Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: fast protein liquid chromatography use Reference: Verbeke, K., Verbruggen, A. (1996). Usefulness of fast protein liquid chromatography as an alternative to high performance liquid chromatography of 99m Tc-labelled human serum albumin preparations. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 14(8), 1209-1213. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is an automated chromatography technique that uses columns with a small inner diameter (Goke Keim, 1992; Sheehan O’Sullivan, 2004). By means of pumps and valves, the FPLC system regulates how fast the liquid mobile phase moves down the agarose stationary phase a constant, and maintains a constant flow rate (Lavanya et al., 2011). As well, based on the readings of the UV detector and conductivity meter, the FPLC system is able to control how and when the eluted fractions should be separated (Bio-Rad, 2015). There are variations of FPLC that allow proteins to separated base on size, charge or hydrophobicity (Verbeke Verbruggen, 1996). FPLC, as its name suggests is quite useful in analyzing and purifying protein mixtures (Lavanya et al., 2011). For example, FPLC has been used to identify zinc-containing proteins in rat saliva; and it has also been used to separate and analyze pancreatic juice in order to examine disease-causing proteins (Lavanya et al., 2011). Conclusion In this lab, a mixture of hemoglobin and phenol red was resolved using sizeexclusion gel filtration. Since Sephadex G-25 (fractionation range 1,000-4,000Da) was used as the column matrix, it was expected that hemoglobin would be completely excluded from the matrix pores, allowing it to elute in early fractions. As well, it was anticipated that phenol red would be completely included in the gel, making it elute in later fractions. The hemoglobin/phenol red mixture was separated into four fractions and their respected volumes are shown in Table 1. In theory, fraction A contained void volume, fraction B contained hemoglobin, fraction C contained the buffer only, and fraction D contained phenol red. Due to time and budget constraints, the absorbance of the eluted fractions was not analyzed. However based on an absorbance-vs-wavelength graph, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) for standard hemoglobin (ÃŽ »max = 410nm) and standard phenol red (ÃŽ »max = 560nm) were determined, as described in Table 2. These values were also compared to literature values, as shown in Table 3. Normal adult hemoglobin (HgA) is known to have maximum absorbance at ÃŽ »max = 415nm, while phenol red is known to have ÃŽ »max = 557-560nm. The experimental and literature values were fairly close to one another, and their slight variance may be accounted for due to difference in the buffer used and pH of the solvent. For further research, spectroscopy of the eluted hemoglobin (fraction B) would need to be conducted in order to draw a wavelength-vs-absorbance graph between 380nm and 600nm. This would help to clarify whether the eluted hemoglobin is free of phenol red. References Akuwudike, A. R., Chikezie, P. C., Chilaka, F. C. (2010). Absorption spectra of normal adult and sickle cell haemoglobins treated with hydrogen peroxide at two pH values. Adv. Biomed. Res, 1, 55-60. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P. (2008).Molecular Biology of the Cell(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. Bedani, F., et al. (2006). A theoretical basis for parameter selection and instrument design in comprehensive size-exclusion chromatographyÃâ€" liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1133(1), 126-134. Bio-Rad. (2015). Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. Bio-Rad Life Science Research. Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://www.bio-rad.com/en-ca/applications-technologies/fast-protein-liquid-chromatography de Jong, M., Botelho, R., Antonescu, C., Wakarchuk, W. (2015).Laboratory Manual: Biochemistry- BCH261(Winter 2015 ed.). Toronto: Ryerson University. DiFeo, T. J., Addison, A. W., Stephanos, J. J. (1990). Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of haemoglobin and myoglobin from Urechis caupo. Distal residue effects. Biochem. J, 269, 739-747. Duong-Ly, K. C., Gabelli, S. B. (2013). Gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) of proteins. Methods in enzymology, 541, 105-114. GE. (2015). Product Catalog. GE Healthcare Life Sciences. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.gelifesciences.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/catalog/en/ GELifeSciences/products/products_by_technology/ Goke, B., Keim, V. (1992). HPLC and FPLC. Recent progress in the use of automated chromatography systems for resolution of pancreatic secretory proteins. International Journal of Pancreatology, 11(2), 109-116. Klein, D. R. (2012). Organic chemistry (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Lavanya, G., et al. (2011). Protein Chromatography. J Biomed Sci and Res, 3(3), 424-438. Lee, W. C., Tsai, G. J., Tsao, G. T. (1993). Analysis of chromatography by plate theory. Separations Technology, 3(4), 178-197. LobaChemie. (2015). Phenol Red. Laboratory Reagents and Fine Chemicals. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.lobachemie.com/pH-Indicator-05180/PHENOL-RED-CASNO-143-74-8.aspx Nelson, D., Cox, M. (2008). Lehningers Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York, N.Y.: WH Freeman and Company. Partridge, M. W. (1952). Chromatography and its applications in pharmacy. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(1), 217-230. Scott, R. P. (2003). Principles and practice of chromatography. Chrom-Ed Book Series, 1. Seeley, R. (2014). Seeleys Anatomy Physiology (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sheehan, D., O’Sullivan, S. (2004). Fast protein liquid chromatography. In Protein purification protocols (pp. 253-258). Humana Press. Silva, J., Teodoro, J., Afonso, R., Aquino, S., Augusti, R. (2014). Photolysis and photocatalysis of ibuprofen in aqueous medium: characterization of byà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ products via liquid chromatography coupled to highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ resolution mass spectrometry and assessment of their toxicities against Artemia Salina. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 49(2), 145-153. Verbeke, K., Verbruggen, A. (1996). Usefulness of fast protein liquid chromatography as an alternative to high performance liquid chromatography of 99m Tc-labelled human serum albumin preparations. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 14(8), 1209-1213. Wang, Q., et al. (2005). Molecular characterisation of soybean polysaccharides: an approach by size exclusion chromatography, dynamic and static light scattering methods. Carbohydrate research, 340(17), 2637-2644.