Ordinary Courage: The Revolutionary War Adventures Essay

The narration depicts the adventures of Joseph Plumb Martin’s as a patriot in Washington army, giving the unusual contributions of soldiers to American history. Joseph Plumb was at first recruited in the Continental Army in 1776 at 15 years of age and was deployed to serve as a rank and file solder for eight operation seasons. It was during this time when Martin suffered the horrors of war including killer illness, brutal weather, virtual starvation and dangerous attacks. In the process, Joseph assisted in making a new American nation. In the last part of the book, Martin claims that the 1818, Revolutionary Pension War Act, was a long behind time payment for the war veterans for the services they provided. He maintains that the Continental Army was not adequately supplied with clothes, rations, or shelter and their monthly pay was even too low. As a war veteran Martin believed that the contribution of the Continental Army even their final conquest was not appreciated and recognized to be backbone of revolution (Martin, 1999). Martin maintained that discipline of the Continental Army was very critical for their success and victory. In his first enlistment, the regiment -5th Connecticut that was commanded to defend New York City in 1776, the regiment was defeated due to lack of experience and training for the soldiers. Martin faulted his regiment for lack of leadership and proper command resulting to complete disorder. In addition, Martin asserts that the cause of defeat for the Connecticut Army was as a result of deployment of untrained soldiers. During the Monmouth campaign, Martin was received the necessary training after he was transferred to a light troop and was in charge of maintaining close contact with British Army in inspect and harass them. Fear was a major them in the experience of the America Army. Fear was demonstrated in several forms and for a soldier in the war field there was the possibility of being killed in the battle. This fear was common to the soldiers and the military people since they did not want to be perceived as letting their fellow soldiers down. The soldier feared to dying before they had left a legacy of what they were to be remembered for by their comrades. Martin was first struck by fear like any of the other soldiers when he first went to his first war in which New York was attacked by General Howe. The reports about Howe’s attack and the smell of sulfur in the air gave Martin a disagreeable mood and his nervousness increased when he saw smoke from a bomb at a distance. Solidarity was a vital constituent of the experiences of the American Army. The theme was portrayed in the army experiences of Joseph Martin and the men of Grace Hopper. Companionship was developed through hardships and challenges faced. If there was no comradely soldiers like Joseph Martin and Grace Hopper could have nobody to turn to for support. Martin demonstrated a remarkable sense of companionship when the Americans moved back from Kip’s bay, he found a friend who was sick as he made efforts to meet with his regiment and with persuasion Martin assisted him back. The man was prepared to die but when Martin found him he carried his friend on his shoulder and guided him back to the regiment. Alcohol was also an ordinary theme in the American army experiences together with their everyday lives. The soldiers wanted alcohol in order to forget the suffering and pressures of military life. In addition, taking of alcohol was essential in creating associations between the army personnel. Moreover, alcohol had an important place in celebrations and social military events. Martin and his comrades enjoyed spirits in their recruitment in the Continental Army. When no spirits were provided by the authorities, they could normally go to get them out and in some occasions a fight could ensue over having a drink. In the course of his service period, Martin came to have a high regard for people around him. Martin liked the attacking skills and expertise of his regiment officers together with his commanders including other commanders of the continental army. However, there were some conflicts between superior army officers and the juniors during wartime. Such disagreements arose due to misunderstandings in communication and arose from differences in communication. There was misunderstanding between Martin and an army officer which led to Martin and many of his comrades being separated from their regiment. In conclusion, Martin objectives for tolerating the long years of war and suffering were patriotism and loyalty to his comrades and the fight against American enemy. Martin emphasizes that the cause was revolution of America and incase the army had disintegrated the cause of their fight would have been lost. Martin asserts that in spite of the army’s commitment to fight the enemy in the Revolution of America, their effort was not appreciated by the America leaders of that time. References Martin, J. P. (1999). Ordinary Courage: The Revolutionary War Adventures of Joseph Plumb Martin. New York: Brandywine Press.

Running Head Gender Inequality And Women - 1526 Words

Running head: GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN 1 Gender Inequality and Women in Employment: Hiring, Promotions, and Salaries Amanda Rogers Chapman University GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN 2 Gender Inequality and Women in Employment: Hiring, Promotions, and Salaries In the workplace, bosses and co-workers often tend to discriminate women. During a job interview, interviewers perceive women by their gender stereotypes and physical appearance, which prevent women from getting hired. Women have lower chances of getting promoted and advancing in their careers because society perceives them with having a conflict between work and family life. Women also earn far less money than men because they do not have careers requiring on the job training, do not overwork as much as men, and are perceived as not devoted to her career. The review will discuss women and the reasons behind the discrimination that they face in the hiring process, earning promotions, and their annual salary earnings in employment because of their gender. Literature Review Gender Inequality in the Hiring Process Rudman and Glick (2001) suggest that people perceive women as socially insufficient, unlike men, which leads to discrimination in the hiring process. Women who areShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality For Women s Sports982 Words   |  4 Pages Running head: INEQUALITIES FOR WOMEN IN SPORTS Inequalities for Women in Sports T’Keyah Thomas Georgia Southern University Sociology 1101 October 18, 2015 Sociology 1101: Reasearch Proposal Inequalities for Women in Sports Introduction: As an adolescent, I was very interested in sports. In fact, sports were all around me. I was usually the tallest of my friends, therefore I was faced with more opportunities concerning sports. The main sports I played were basketball and softballRead MoreEqual Pay For Equal Work1110 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK Equal Pay for Equal Work Ellen F. Gossett English Composition II Trevecca Nazarene University Abstract There are many forms of discrimination that our society still faces even today. Whether it is discrimination against someone for religion, race, sexuality, or just the way they look, someone is always being targeted. There is one place in particular that discrimination should not be happening, but it is, and that is in our workplaces. The groupRead MoreThe Inequalities Of The Gender Pay Gap1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction It is important to address the systemic inequalities of the gender pay gap. To do this, this essay will use Bacchi (2006) approach to analyse the text â€Å"Speech to HRINZ: The reasons for the Gender Pay Gap† by MP Paula Bennett. This essay will illustrate the theoretical perspective of liberal feminism to show the understanding of the problem, and the solutions of the gender pay gap. This essay will also look at two other theoretical perspectives, social democratic, and anti-racism andRead MoreTeen Female Journals Centers On The Motion Of Gender Equality1257 Words   |  6 Pagesteen female periodicals centers on the motion of gender equality. Seventeen Magazine, a popular periodical directed towards young girls in their teens, has many articles focusing around topics such as feminism and sexual assault. Many girls are uneducated when it comes to those topics and their histories. Women’s inequality has been a worldwide issue for centuries, and is commonly found in sc hools, the workforce, and the media. 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While the gender issues accentuatedRead MoreThe Color Purple As An Empowering Narrative That Reflects A Progressive Society Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pagesrelation to women, in comparison to the inequality portrayed through the novels characters and relationships? The Colour Purple is an epistolic, confessional novel based on the fictional version of 1940’s rural Georgia. Significant for its racial and sexual prejudices, the novel displays the effect of gender inequality; exploring how the female characters both conform and defy society s discrimination.Evidencing that many of the women, despite popular belief, have been able to use this inequality to empowerRead MoreSocial Class Ladder As A Means Of Stratification Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: FINAL ESSAY Page 1 Final Essay Megan Nivens Excelsior College FINAL ESSAY Page 2 Abstract In this essay I will answer the following questions to the best of my ability: 1. All societies use gender as a means of stratification. Discuss the consequences of this gender stratification, 2. Distinguish the difference between race and ethnicity, and give an example of each, 3. Summarize the U.S. social class ladder as proposed by Joseph KahlRead MoreTraditional Gender Roles Of The Present Digital And Technological Sensitive World Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesTraditional gender roles in the present digital and technological sensitive world still hold even today as depicted on the screen; women are shown as the homemakers and men as the providers. In reference to the sitcom Still Standing, it depicted that the greatest addition to the major gender roles expectation is that the men view wives as their partners in the walk of life and marriage, as well as the women, view their husbands as partners unlike the traditional view of roles. According to a pilot

The Underground Railroad s Working Against Slavery During...

US History I: 1763-1877; 1301.12 â€Å"Freedoms Trail† Resisting Slavery October 27, 2014 Cutler Quirante Dr. Gwinyai P. Muzorewa Abstract The author will investigate the Underground Railroad’s work to resist against slavery during the Civil War. The author will collaborate on the dealings of people who were leaders of the Underground Railroad, U.S. political stance on slavery, and the actions that were carried out for the cause of freedom. The authors main focus of the paper will be centered on operations of the Underground Railroad, members involved, struggles they went through to free enslaved people. The writer will go into detail of the Underground Railroad leaders operations. The presentation will be based on sources from an online database jstor.org. Thus, this paper will be about resistance against slavery, and the leaders of the Underground Railroad and their efforts to abolish slavery. Introduction United States African Americans have a very interesting history with the country. They have been enslaved, abused, treated with inequality, and subsequently freed. During the years 1861-1865there was a lot of political argument about freedom of the slaves. This time period is better known as the Civil War. In 1861 the president at the time, was newly elected Abraham Lincoln and pushed for the movement of freedom for the enslaved. The country was thus being torn into two sides, the North and the South, because of the dispute about freedom for African Americans.Show MoreRelatedThe Underground Railroad And Its Influence On The Civil War1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Underground Railroad was neither underground nor a railroad. A revolutionary event taking place during the civil war, it was an informal network of sympathetic whites in violation of the Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850 to help enslaved African s escape secretly in order to gain freedom in Northern States or Canada. This research paper will examine the movement of the Underground Railroad by reviewing primary and secondary sources available to successfully describe several sentiments regardingRead MoreThe Civil War : A Bloody Battle1150 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"With one terrible exception, the Civil War, law and the Constitution have kept America whole and free† (â€Å"Anthony Lewis†). This quote talks about how the Civil War kept America free. The Civil War was a very bloody battle that occurred about the right over slavery. The war began in 1861 and lasted for 4 years. The two armies were the Union and the Confederate. The Union won the war and it finally ended in 1865. The Civil War was one of the deadliest battles that changed the landscape of the US dueRead MoreHoward Zinn s Development Of Slavery1574 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the 17th to the 19th century, Europeans enslaved African people and forced them to perform exhausting labor. In A People’s History of the United States, Howard Zinn described the development of slavery by stating the contributing factors. For instance, settlers coming from Europe would station in Africa to force Africans to go to America and work on the colonists’ plantations. African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia in 1619 to aid in the production ofRead MoreWhat Was The Civil War?1490 Words   |  6 PagesWhat was the Civil War? Who was fighting who? â€Å"The war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world,† Dr. James McPherson writes. 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The southern states would fight for their policies to over extend into the blossomi ng states rather than the northern polices. President Abraham Lincoln, without a single vote from the southernRead MoreThe Truth Behind The Underground Railroad1281 Words   |  6 Pages The Truth behind the Underground Railroad Ronald Payne Central High School November 9, 2015 2nd Period â€Æ' Abstract Many people know of the famous slave system called The Underground Railroad. Throughout this generations time in school this topic have came up numerous times in our history classes. They mostly talk about the surface of the system and how, the most famous conductor, Harriett Tubman freed the slaves. This essay is important because it will provide you with in depth knowledge andRead MoreThe American Civil War Was Inevitable Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War was inevitable in many reasons. The economic and industrial evolution was mainly in the North side of the United States while the South was just a cotton kingdom, Slave Empire. Also both were completely opposites of one another when it was about freeing the slaves or hiring more. With many debates there has to be sides that would be separated especially if the president has so much hate from the people. With that being said, since many want opposing ideas, the Civil War becomes muchRead MoreBlack People Were The Victi ms Of Many Tragedies Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pagesblack people were the victims of many tragedies in American history. One of the most memorable misfortunes that this racial group faced was during the times of slavery. Slavery is the practice of labelling human beings as property so they have restricted liberty and are forced into working hard labor for the owners. Many blacks were forced or born into slavery, where they have been deprived of their power and suffered from long hours of work and physical attacks from their owners. Even though thisRead MoreAbolishing Slavery1390 Words   |  6 PagesMay 13, 2009 Abolishing Slavery The American civil war had a profound effect on the lives of slaves. It ultimately resulted in the abolition of slavery. Slaves first arrived in America in Virginia in 1619. The Underground Railway was a way by which slaves could find freedom. This was a method for northerners to help escaped slaves to find a place to live in free states or Canada. Free black Americans were usually the ones to plan and helped with the Underground Railroad. It is believed about 50

Description Of An Organization Human Resource Management...

[Answer 1.] a. â€Å"HR balance scorecard† Balance scorecard is structure that provide the significant internal stakeholder of company such as, managers and employee through levels and departments determinate way to rise performance of company. Though HR balanced scorecard hotel can accomplish goal and vision. 1) It has provoke and modification change in organisation different level and department of hotel staffs. 2) It will help to calculating performance in mandate to organisation mission and objectives. 3) It’s help to hotel monitoring cost and increase the significance value of hotel. 4) It make organisation human resource more effectiveness and more focused. 5) It help to balance between employee behaviour and manager in organisation and helping them in developed competence. 6) It will help to customer’s satisfaction and help in increase service customer related. b. ‘Benchmarking best HR process and outcome’: It means to gather data of related to organization human resource management system from the world or more competitive organisation in world. It evaluating human resource performance of orgensation. Though ‘Benchmarking best HR process and hotel can accomplish goal and vision: 1) This tool HRM to strongminded competitiveness of organisation and help to achieve its goal and mission. 2) Its help to hotel improve assurances of company employees and encourage them for more productivity in hotel customer services. 3) It will help hotel to diminishingShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Specialists And Position Management856 Words   |  4 Pagesjob description differs depending on the groups and objectives needed to achieve set goal within the department or organization. Job description will describe the position’s responsibilities, duties as well as minimum qualifications and education. â€Å"Exactly how job descriptions are prepared and used is a complicated story that has it origins in the creation of civil service systems and merit system principles.† (Borrego, 2012) Elected and appointed officials may consider positions management a necessityRead MoreMis System Form Functional Perspective763 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Systems from a Functional Perspective: Each management level has a special type of information system that best serves its needs. Each management level also consists of individual functions that require specific pieces of information according to their mission. Keeping in mind the four types of information systems we just reviewed; lets look at the information system requirements for each individual function. 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Aguinis (2013) has noted the importance of an organization’s mission and goals being tied to the performance management plan. There are two prerequisites that Aguinis (2013) lists before a performance management system can be implemented: knowledge of the strategicRead MoreIs Performance Management Necessarily Useful Today? Discuss.1059 Words   |  5 Pagesperformance management necessarily useful today? Discuss. Performance management refers to a process by which managers monitor, rate and reward an employee for their work and contributions towards the achievement of organizational goals. The assessment of an employee s contribution usually plays a major role in promoting individual accountability. This ensures maximum contribution of the employee. Performance management therefore forms an integral part of a business organization mainly becauseRead MoreDescription Of A Logistics Management Specialist Job Description Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesWriting job descriptions can be over whelming, challenging and confusing however, Human Resource Management Specialist have expertise to assist hiring managers with job analysis which creates the foundation for job descriptions. Youssef (2015) noted, â€Å"Job descriptions identify characteristics of the job to be performed in terms of the tasks, duties, and responsibilities and serve as a benchmark for many human resource matters such as compensa tion, performance evaluations, training needs assessmentsRead MoreHuman Resource Management982 Words   |  4 Pages225/115 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT NUMBER : ONE QUESTION : Discuss the following approaches to human resource management. i. Mechanist approach ii. Paternalistic approach iii. 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Every company has its strategic plan; it includes the administration s long- and short-term goals, and it also includes the procedures for deciding how to allocate organizational resources to achieve these objectives. According to our

Radiation Exposure free essay sample

Radiation Exposure Do you know much radiation you are exposed to everyday? Many people are not aware of the radiation levels around them on a daily basis. I believe that exposure to radiation should be minimal. I think protection and prevention is vital. Being aware of the health risks and what can be done to protect yourself should be a well known piece of knowledge. If followed, this knowledge can help reduce radiation exposure levels. Exposure to radiation is higher today than it has ever been before according to Alice Park. Radiation is around you constantly, every day. Radiation has a greater resence when an individual flies on an airplane, smokes cigarettes, receives x-rays, watches television, and uses the microwave. Although not all radiation exposure can be controlled, radiation from x-rays can be kept at a minimum. Radiologic technologists are very careful about how much radiation that the patient has absorbed and what kind of radiation they are exposed to. We will write a custom essay sample on Radiation Exposure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gamma ray radiation is the most powerful and damaging of all the radiation particles. Alpha and Beta particles are much weaker and not as harmful. Take for example the Computed Tomography Scan (C. T. scan). A C. T. scan emits gamma rays in large doses. The amount of adiation that an individual is exposed to can be compared to 400 dental x-rays or five-one hour flights. Gamma ray radiation is not what you would want to be openly exposed to. Gamma rays can cause damage over time. I believe protection and prevention of radiation exposure should be a top priority. A commonly asked question about radiation exposure deals with the health risks. Are there any health risks? Take for example aspirin. There are risks for taking aspirin if you take too much. Likewise, radiation when given out in large doses increases health risks. One type of radiation called ionizing radiation can change the structure f the cells in your body according to the Health Physics Society. By changing the structure of the cells in the body, changes in the tissue can occur. This can lead to your cells not being able to reproduce themselves or the cells can start to produce too much. The main structure found in the cell that can be damaged by radiation exposure is the DNA. This structure is one of the most important because it contains our genetic makeup. DNA has the ability to repair minor damage. If DNA is repeatedly damaged by being exposed to radiation, the cell will die. This may seem to be of no importance if a few cells are killed by radiation. However, if these damaged cells are in the vital organs that keep us alive, that organ might not function properly. Of course the effects of radiation exposure are different for each individual. These effects depend on the type of radiation, how you are exposed to it, and our own genetic makeup. Still, a more important question arises due to radiation exposure. Who are at risk for being exposed to radiation? As a general fact cells and tissues that are developing are more affected when radiation interacts with them. The Health Physics Society explains that children are more sensitive to radiation than adults because theyre still n a growing stage. The developing stage is crucial. If you add radiation to this other words, the cells will not do their Jobs. Protection for children from excessive amounts of radiation exposure really became more important to me. No parent wants any child to suffer the harmful effects of radiation exposure. Adults also can have similar effects on themselves if theyre not careful. Protection from radiation from a machine is the best thing to do for children so they wont be harmed. With all the unavoidable radiation and particles around us, what can be done to protect ourselves from exposure? According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there are three basic radiation protection concepts. First, how much time are we being exposed to radiation? Radiation exposure increases as more time is spent near the source of radiation. So, the less time you are exposed the better off you will be. Second, how much distance from the radiation source should there be? The farther away an individual is from the source of radiation, the less they are exposed to it. Distance depends on the size and activity of the radiation being administered. For example, gamma rays travel long distances, while alpha and beta particles dont ravel very far. So, the greater the distance, the less radiation you will be exposed to. Finally, shielding is the last protection concept. Shielding is having something that will absorb radiation between you and the particles or rays of radiation. The amount of shielding depends on the kind of radiation that you are exposed to. For example, an individual who receives gamma ray radiation requires thick, dense shielding such as lead. The higher the gamma ray that one is being exposed to, the thicker the lead protective wear must be. Alpha particles are very weak, but still require some protection. In this case only a thin piece of material, like paper or light clothing is necessary. Beta particles are a little stronger than alpha particles. Beta particles require thicker protection, like heavy clothing. The heavy clothing protects the skin from possibly being burned. Knowing what kind of radiation an individual will be exposed to ahead of time can help to protect oneself against radiation exposure. Most people with common sense would argue several factors against radiation exposure. One of the counter arguments would be what are the levels of radiation people are exposed to on a daily basis. Most people would say that the average amount of radiation exposure is minimal and would not require protection. Over time this builds up and that we could prevent a lot of the exposure we take in. Other people may say that because of minimal exposure we do not protection, but knowing the risks of exposure can help lead to prevention. Another point that can be argued is that most people may already know the risks of radiation and are attempting to limit or prevent radiation exposure. Exposure to radiation happens on a daily basis. By taking the proper steps one can insure that exposure to radiation stays at a minimum. I believe that minimal exposure to radiation is the way to go.

Jacksonian Democracy Essays - Political Philosophy, Elections

Jacksonian Democracy Equality in Democracy The United States of America was founded by its people, for its people in the pursuit of life, liberty and happiness, by attempting to provide freedom and equality. The way of life back when the government set down its foundation was quite different than it is now. Some things were just considered natural law and were left out of law making and the Constitution because they were morally accepted as right and wrong. For instance, I highly doubt that the government would have allowed Nazi party privileges to exist under freedom of speech. The idea of My rights end where yours begin states that an individual has freedom until the freedom interferes with the rights given to another. To create and maintain a quality form of government, one where privileges are not abused and equality is taken seriously, we must decide how large a role we want the government to play in the maintaining of morals and natural law. The use of all nine roles of government is needed to maximize the quality of democracy because it promotes the equality of each individual. (Godwin&Wahlke 15-30) The four minimal roles of the government (protection and order, collective goods and dilemmas, negative externalities and rights and duties) are generally accepted as a basis of what a government should provide its people. The government must protect the safety of its people and protect itself from internal revolutions and external invasions. Also, it attempts to improve the general welfare of its people by resolving collective dilemmas, minimizing negative externalities and providing collective goods wherever possible. To do this, the government must specify and enforce the rights and duties of its people. The four roles are obviously needed for control and order within a society and prove to be beneficial to everyone. (Godwin&Wahlke 23) From there, the government should apply the five additional roles of government. The five roles are: social justice, economic intervention in the economy, government as a moral force and political socialization. The application of these roles is necessary to the quality of democracy because they attempt to increase social justice, improve economic efficiency, encourage morality and socialize citizens to accept obligations appropriate to their roles in the existing society.(Godwin&Wahlke 23) By attempting to accomplish these goals, things like discrimination, public opinion and self-interest are discouraged by the promotion of a common morality. Government as a moral force, in a way, works with social justice in that it sets the foundation of which social justice attempts to achieve. Standards, set by the people and implied by the government, should promote and be built around natural law. Locke's theory of natural law produces natural rights,'' providing the right to life, liberty, property, and equality before the law. (Godwin&Wahlke 48) These rights encourage an equal chance in life for freedom and property/wealth. To protect society and individuals from discrimination by preserving equal rights, social justice attempts to provide an enjoyable life and an opportunity for equality, whether it be social or economic. This role of the government is needed to provide a gateway for the less fortunate and struggling people of America to have an equal chance of success and happiness in life. In contrast to the Gospel of Wealth which William Henley states, I am the master of my own fate; I am the captain of my own soul, (Bizzell&Herzberg 415) Rawls believes that Institutions should be created to keep people from falling below a minimal threshold of well-being. No one should be so disadvantaged that they cannot maintain their self-respect and defend their interests against people of much greater wealth or power. (Godwin&Wahlke 63-64) Social justice is essential to the quality of democracy because, without it, society would allow selfishness, public opinion, and personal interest to rule, condemning the less fortunate to their status and not honoring their rights to and equal chance of life, liberty, and happiness. Through the ideals stated in social justice, economic efficiency attempts to provide positive goods or services to all of society at minimal cost. The basic idea behind it is to put as little effort or money into something that provides the greatest amount of goods possible. As an example, the public school system, paid by the taxes of the public, provides an education for anyone in the community for free. The public pays little individually to provide anyone an opportunity for an

Native American Spiritualism

Native American Spiritualism By definition, Spiritualism can be defined as a belief in the possibility of a way of communication between human beings and the spirits of the living dead and the mechanisms through which this is achieved in practice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Spiritualism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its doctrine, Spiritualism argues that all that is within the universe can not only exhibit the material characteristics but also exhibit other properties far much beyond the natural human understanding, otherwise known as metaphysics. As such, it is the exact opposite of Materialism, which explains the occurrence, and properties of matter as found in the theories of physical sciences. In addition, it can be thought of as a belief that what exists is either a spirit or soul. An important distinguishing feature of spiritualism as a kind of religion is that here the spirits of the living dead can be communica ted to and a medium exists that can convey to the living the information concerning life after death. Various spiritualists have different belief but there exists beliefs that are common to all. They all believe in the existence of God and that the soul continues to exist in the world of the living dead, that every one will carry his own cross and that even after death the soul can change. Having come out of Christian religion and being a religion kind of, Spiritualism has some relationships with those other religions namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Spiritism, and other indigenous religions but receive strong opposition from religions like Judaism. Both Christians and spiritualists believe in the existence of God, death of Jesus Christ on the cross as well as conducting church services on Sundays. However, spiritualists believe that the death of Jesus on the cross was not to save humankind as per the Christians and that every soul shall be individually responsible for the deed s or sins committed. They also believe that even after death one can still change and that there is no particular hell or heaven but a series of such depending on the performance of the individuals. Both Islam and Spiritualism share the concept of spirits existing between man and God. Hindus, who believe that if one dies before the right time then the spirit hangs around in form of a ghost until the right time of his death after which he is reincarnated, share the same concept of existence of soul after death. However, Judaism differs with the spiritualists and argues that God forbids any form of worship connected to the spirits and that such people shall be permanently cut off from His people.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the native America, there exists various religious cultures among them Christianity, and Islam, alongside many others. One important and in teresting effect off having a wide diversity in religious culture in the Native America is the impact of such beliefs and culture on the way people relate with one another. The coming of the European missionaries into America back to the 16th century and the sticking of the Native Americans to their traditions blended to give rise to other religions that are partly traditional and partly Christian. Native American attached a lot of value to their tradition and culture more so in an attempt resist the oppression of Europeans who conquered their land. There was also the desire to have one common Indian religion. (Neuser 23) In fact, the whole concept of religion changed meaning to Native Americans and to them it simply denoted Christianity. Therefore, the love for this Indian religion led to emergence of spiritualist religion. One of these people who are closely attached to this religion is an Indian known as Don Juan Matus who had various teaching on the understanding of mankind and the universe in general. His teachings have since been written by different authors some of whom had personal interviews with him. Juan was mystical and always had strong belief in signs coming to him from an unnatural source. Specifically, Juan believed that the universe consists of two worlds namely: tonal: the world of material and the first in hierarchy and naugal, the non-material world (Antonov 5). He said that communication in the world of materials was through the senses of our physical body, which he referred to as first-attention. However, to be able to sense anything in the second world one is required to develop a second-attention, which he termed as clairvoyance. There was also the third-attention through which one would communicate to God and his signs. Before and during the times of Don Juan, the concept God was taken to be a universal Eagle that was the sole controller of the universe. The Eagle fed on the souls of human beings leaving the body and that was the caus e of death.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Spiritualism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, it would allow the soul of one to move on to the next stage if the person had gained the required power during their lifetime. This belief was frightening and Juan had to come out strongly to oppose it. He argued that approaching God only required one to manifest love, just as the teachings of most other religions. Spiritualism was also characterized by other beliefs like those that were referred to as The Sacred Tree. This Sacred Tree had a lot of symbolic meaning and thus had a variety of functions. This holy place was believed to be the dwelling place of the Supreme Being. According to Bopp, the Sacred Tree was a symbol that had a great importance to the traditionalists as it represented life, cycle of time, the earth, and the universe (20). In the ordinary context, the shade of a tree can provide pr otection from strong heat or rainfall. Similarly, the Sacred Tree is believed to be a source of protection. The Sacred Tree connotes a place where people come together for certain purposes; it can also be thought of as a â€Å"womb that gives birth to our values and potentiality as human beings† (Bopp 22). Besides, the fruits of the sacred Tree can be view in the perspective of the food needed for human growth; that is it represents the â€Å"nurturing that human beings receive in interacting with other human, physical, and spiritual environment† (Bopp 22). Finally, the leaves of the Sacred Tree are a representation of man; ordinarily, the leaves fall off a tree to the ground to form manure, which later helps other trees to come up, a phenomenon that depicts people who pass the teaching to the generation that will succeed them. The need to explain the origin of mankind, the concept God and Life after death that led to the emergence of such beliefs and doctrines as seen in Spiritualism is still a point of concern to many philosophers and other scholars to date and will continue giving birth to more religions Antonov, Vladimir. Native American Spirituality: Path of Heart (Don Juan Matus, Eagle and Others). Ontario: CreateSpace. 2008. Bopp, Judie. The Sacred Tree. WI: Lotus Press. 1984.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Neuser, Jacob. World Religions in America: An Introduction. Fourth Edition. Westminister: John Knox Press. 2009.